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en-gb2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00proiect@nospam.comhourly12000-01-01T12:00+00:00China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Propun aici sa discutam tot ce are legatura cu aceste zone(aspecte,militare,geopolitice,economice,politice etc...).Din pacate,interesul public e inexistent la noi pt. analiza acestor spatii extrem de importante in secolul 21.Cu toate ca fiecare din noi are ceva produs fie in China,fie in Taiwan sau Japonia prin casa.Cat despre fructificarea oportunitatilor oferite de dezvoltarea acestor zone... Aceasta aberatie istorica vine impotriva traditiilor de prietenie intre Romania si China,in principal. Pt. inceput un studiu despre armata chineza(il aveam salvat pe hard,asa incat scuze ca nu pot sa dau link). Tactical Impressions of the People's Liberation Armyby LCol (Ret'd) W Yu IntroductionThe People's Liberation Army (PLA) has gone through major modernization programs in recent years, both in technique and technology. However, this is a selective process that only a few units receive the latest and the greatest while the vast majority of the military remained obsolescent. Historically and culturally, the PLA tends to concentrate on the big picture rather than on the details which brings into question the relative effectiveness of these specialized units. This author does not even pretend to have any access to the PLA's combat requirements or evaluations. However, based upon publicly available media, certain impressions have occurred. This is an attempt to put those impressions into a coherent picture.The PLA has never been, nor is it now, a modern army. Despite her proud history, her actual performances do not stand up well under close scrutiny. The PLA has experienced some brilliant strategic moves in Korea and to some extent, Vietnam. Yet, the actual battles themselves reveal major weaknesses that never seemed to be addressed, even in subsequent wars.The PLA's major weakness can be summed up as good generals and tenacious infantrymen but nothing in between. So, how is this force expected to fight? While no PLA Field Manual is available for careful analysis (at least not company level and above), there are enough hints form the public media, similar formations, and historical actions to form a conjecture.Cultural Bias Against Battle DetailsEast Asian military history has been dominated by one document: Sun Tzu's the Art of War. The General himself has been a brilliant strategist, tactician, and logistician. However, Chinese historians and generals have emphasized strategic intent over tactical and logistical requirements. As a result, quotes such as "Know your enemy; know yourself and you will never be defeated in a thousand battles" have been stressed over basic requirements such as camping near water or grabbing the high ground for battle. The moves on the chessboard have become more important than the pawns or their positions.Perhaps, the greatest influence on the PLA has to be Mao Tse-Tung and his People's War Concept. Even today, the result of that doctrine has a strong influence on PLA's application. Vietnam's General Vo Nguyen Giap forever immortalizes this strategy.When the enemy attacks, we retreat. When the enemy stalls, we harass. When the enemy retreats, we attack.However, such emphasis strongly implies passive instead of active defence. This severely limited the PLA's development of formation warfare. The main military propaganda emerging from the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the time gave a strong impression of a peasant army being supported by peasants. Aside from the uniforms, there were times when it was hard to distinguish between the militia and the PLA's regular force units. They were similarly armed and often seen performing the same tasks. While much is no doubt propaganda, the final result has been an army very drilled in the basic infantry skills but lacking in higher formation performances.The most recent heralded PLA publication Unrestricted Warfare by Senior Colonel (SrCol) Qiao Liang and SrCol Wang Xiangsui, both Propaganda Officers of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), suggests that China has "cheap" answers against American military dominance in technology and technique. Unrestricted Warfare advocates the usage of computer viruses to disrupt American Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) systems. To disrupt American airpower, the two SrCols suggest that People's Brigades can close down airbases by posing a direct ground threat.However, the two SrCols left the details to the readers' imagination. Serious military practitioners pressed for details that were not forth coming. Needless to say, it is not as easy it sounds. Western C4I was expected to collapse not because of computer hacking but by Soviet tank columns overrunning the Command Posts. As a result, both technology and technique have been developed for such a scenario. Any computer virus the PLA could develop will not reduce this capability - that is if they can infect Western C4I in the first place, a dubious proposition to say the very least.The People's Brigade idea has not been even taken seriously within the PLA itself. This time, however, the two SrCols fall for China's historical propaganda, that the People's War can overcome superior enemy technology and technique. However, People's War has never been meant to work in hostile territory and it never will.That and the fact that every field officer who has been in a brigade level exercise laughs himself silly at the suggestion of so easily dropping and maintaining two clandestine brigades into a hostile city so far from friendly lines.Strategic Successes Masking Tactical FailuresDespite the PRC's non-interference policy, since the end of WWII, more Chinese soldiers have died on foreign soil than Russia, France, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) combined. These casualties are mainly suffered during two wars, the Korean War (1950-1953) and the First Sino-Vietnam War (1979). Despite Chinese claims of brilliant strategic performances, the high casualty rates suggest severe tactical failings.China's entry into Korea on Oct 19, 1950 marked one of the highlights in PLA history. The Chinese managed to field the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 42nd Armies largely undetected and laid a trap for the US/UN forces. The People's Volunteer Army (PVA) managed to destroy several elements of the South Korean army as well as inflicted large damages on several international brigades. Yet, the operational requirements were far more ambitious. They meant to destroy the American 8th Army and the First Marine Expeditionary Force (1st MEF).Combat operations commenced on 25 October 1950. In a series of brilliant covert placements, the PVA managed to capture Unson on 2 November at a cost of around 10,000 casualties. However, significant American and United Nations (UN) Forces, the South Korean 8th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division escaped the traps.On 25 Nov, the PVA began their ambitious campaigns by surrounding both the 8th Army and the 1st MEF. The PVA's 113th Division captured Samso-ri on 28 Nov, cutting the UN's retreat to Sunchon while the Marines were surrounded at Choisin. Neither action was successful in containing the American forces. The 8th Army broke through and regrouped south of the 38th Parallel and the Marines escaped via sealift.The PVA clearly failed in their operational objectives but the fact that the 8th Army ran from North Korea allowed the PVA to claim of having destroyed all US/UN forces in North Korea.In complete contrast, no amount of strategic propaganda can cover the tactical failures of the Sino-Vietnam War. The campaign was racked by mistakes ranging from training and preparation to using a Red Army meatgrinder tactic that the PLA had neither the training, the resources nor the experience to perform.The problems arisen from the training should have stopped the campaign but no senior officer put a stop to an overly ambitious plan. The lack of proper maps and compasses resulted in troops getting lost during training. Radio waves wrapped themselves silly around the hilly terrain. Operations Officers did not have the training or experience to properly equip their troops resulting in units went without water for 24 to 48 hours after first contact. The terrain hampered effective artillery fire, forcing the PLA to rely on manpower for their meatgrinder tactics. The element of surprise had been lost. The Vietnamese battle hardened militia were well dug in and waiting. In contrast, the PLA mobilized second class garrison troops. The PLA's best-armed and best-trained troops faced a Northern possible much tougher Soviet retaliation.None of these deficiencies were addressed before the PLA attacked on 17 February 1979. The PLA attacked Vietnam through 26 points of entry. Immediately, the sheer volume of battle management overwhelmed the PLA's limited C3. The front line units were experiencing human and equipment casualties that cannot sustain battle momentum. Moreover, company commanders would rather wait for tank and recoilless rifle support before taking on Vietnamese entrenched positions.The front line units exhausted themselves, forcing a re-supply much earlier than planned. Re-enforcement and re-supply were brought forward to shore up the units. The 26 unwieldy prongs were consolidated into a more manageable 9 aiming at Cao Bang, Lang Son, Hang Lien Sen, Lai Chou and Quang Ninh.The final phase saw the heaviest fighting of the war, climaxing with the capture of Lang Son on 2 March. The Vietnamese adopted their favourite tactics of abandoning urban areas in favour of the built up surrounding hills. The PLA did not contest these strong points. Instead, they pushed through to the urban areas, taking them after fierce close quarter combat. None of the routes into these urban areas were what we in the West would consider secured. In the final analysis, it was the bellycrawler who accomplished the mission instead of the star-studded staff.The War Zone Campaign Deng Xia Peng laid the foundation for current PLA doctrine by stating that wars between the Great Powers would be a thing of the past. The new battleground would be fought between proxies and at times between a Great Power and a proxy. China, at the time, lacked proxies who can be used against the Soviet Red Army while the former USSR surrounded China with Indian, Mongolian, and Vietnamese defence pacts.Even combined, these three countries could not mount a serious threat to Chinese territorial integrity but they did pose a serious drain on Chinese military resources under wartime conditions. Therefore, the PLA must develop the ability to eliminate these countries' ability to wage offensive war before the Red Army could take advantage. However, significant military energies remained to thwart Soviet armoured threats. Those units stationed north got the best training and technology while Category B and reserve forces remained to deal with the southern fronts.Since the end of the Cold War, the PLA views no one is being capable of mounting a serious invasion of the Chinese homeland. However, local wars would continue to occur. The PLA saw the need to at least have the capability of controlling any threat to her borders. The War Zone Campaign is an attempt to develop the forces and the tactics necessary to secure China's borders, not through wars of attrition but to destroy an enemy's ability to wage immediate war in a very limited zone of operations. The War Zone Campaign deals significantly into luring, trapping, and destroying major hostile formations in a very limited but decisive action. A major component of this doctrine, however, is the ability to move forces heavier and faster than opposing forces. It is also a major problem.The War Zone Campaign differs significantly from the People's War Concept. In the People's War, the PLA can rely on large static formations deep within Chinese territory to outbleed Soviet tank columns. Significant logistic and transportation questions were bypassed since the Chinese would be fighting at home. The War Zone Campaign is to take the fight to the enemy and that essentially means transporting viable formations and supplies to the fight.The problem was how to adapt those large People's War formations into the more mobile War Zone Campaign. The obvious answer is that the PLA could not. The PLA lacks the necessary logistic and organizational capabilities. While the PLA has demonstrated it can move large formations in the hundreds of thousands of men, it cannot move fast enough to catch an enemy off guard. The 79 Sino-Vietnam War saw a well-entrenched and ready Vietnamese border defence. The answer was the formation of the Fist Units, much smaller formations that are easier to transport but requiring significantly more training and better equipment.Still, the War Zone Campaign inherited a lot from the PLA's traditional capabilities. Namely, a large tenacious but inflexible army. The rank and file could be expected to follow their orders to the death but initiative was not encouraged. There was no need to train fast thinking soldiers in Stalingrad type defences. Instead, tenacious troops who would outgrit and outbleed the enemy were required. This legacy did not allow the PLA to adopt a Western style of maneuver warfare by smaller, well trained, relatively higher innovative troops. Instead, the PLA fell back to a proven model of using cheaper trained but well motivated troops to accomplish this War Zone Campaign.The Red Army Model Historically, the only significant foreign military influence on the PLA was the Soviet Red Army. Throughout the 1950s to the mid 60s, Soviet advisors played a significant part on the PLA providing not only weapons but training as well. Soviet successes against a much more technical Nazi war machine provided the PLA a basis to use highly motivated troops against a more sophisticated enemy. The PLA seemed to take this to heart, including the kinds of officers required for this model.The PLA recently boasts much about how their military academies are producing officers by the thousands. However, this must be taken into context that the majority of these are Lieutenants (Lts) and Second Lieutenants (2Lts). The percentage of middle officers, the Captains (Capts) and Majors (Majs) going for further education, especially in the military arts, is much lower. If the trades are taken into consideration, then the number of field officers are significantly lower. Capts run kitchens and act as supply clerks; Sergeant posts in the West. Ballet dancers, full time athletes, and propaganda officers swell the officer corps, draining resources required by the combat arms (usually referred to as Infantry, Armoured Units, Artillery, and Combat Engineering).As with any military, there is a dividing line which once achieved by an officer that he can expect to go to the upper echelons. That rank in the PLA seems to be Senior Colonel (Brigadier General equivalent in the West). As such, the real battle management training does not begin until the Lieutenant Colonel and the Colonel ranks, specifically gearing towards a regimental command.Significantly, the Soviet Red Army viewed the regiment as the smallest independent combat unit. Under the Red Army system, the motorized rifle regiment was a key combat formation, comprising of 3 motor rifle battalions, each re-enforced by a tank company. Normally, the regimental commander could expect 3 to 4 artillery battalions in support. Added to this an air defence battalion and an engineering battalion. This gave the regimental commander significant assets to perform one to two echelon attacks, usually two motor rifle battalions on the main attack axis and a single motor rifle battalion on a flanking axis. It should be noted that this is a highly compartmentalized system. Artillery support for the infantry was restricted to the preparatory barrage. Battalion and company commanders were given objectives and they must plan accordingly to meet those objectives. Most often this meant getting their people into place and letting the actions take their own course.The one major weakness of this system is that it could not tolerate many surprises and it's up to the regimental commander to avoid as many of these surprises as possible.PLA Exercises to Date PLA exercises are marked with fanfare and great publicity. Grandiose statements about demonstrating an ability to meet specific political goals usually accompany these exercises. Never are these exercises allowed to fail in their stated attempts be it repulsing a Soviet attack or to take Taiwan back by force. The usual film footage is purposely designed to forward these messages and more often than not, the exercises are staged to give spectacular demonstrations of these capabilities.One of the largest exercises in recent PLA history is the 11 October 2000 Exercise and while most of it has been staged, it clearly demonstrates how the PLA aims to fight.The exercise itself was nothing more than a Hollywood production, watched by over one hundred generals and dignitaries. There were indeed impressive displays of individual unit prowess. Airborne troops performed a helicopter insertion by rappelling out of the helicopters and establishing a perimeter moments afterwards. New tanks and armoured personnel carriers (APCs) rushed through explosions to reach their objectives. Artillery performed a very impressive and colourful linear barrage right on schedule. Fighter planes played laser tag and hit floating targets without difficulties.None of these, however, demonstrate combat effectiveness as a whole. The helicopter insertion was done over cut grass, not reflective of the terrain difficulties of the theatres of operation the PLA is expected to perform in. In a real battle, those explosions the armour rushed through wouldn't be so conveniently placed nor timed. The artillery barrages, while colourful, did not demonstrate a sustained barrage capability.This being said, the timing of these events is certainly something to be considered. While no doubt, this exercise was mostly staged; it also demonstrated the PLA's ability to keep to a schedule. The tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery were all at the right place at the right time. Translating this to the battlefield means that any opposition can expect the PLA to be able to move substantial forces into place before battle. The enemy can also expect the PLA units to attack on time. The Theory of Attack The Attack is the primary focus of all PLA doctrine. Defence is viewed as a holding action until the proper resources is brought to bear for further attacks. Three forms of Attack is recognized:The Meeting Engagement is an encounter between two opposing forces on the move. The PLA views this as encountering a retreating hostile force while they are on the attack. The PLA force is expected to perform according to well-practised drills and Standard Operating Procedures. This is a reactive close quarter combat situation and the PLA believes the faster reacting commander wins the engagement. The PLA force can be expected to engage without pause or delay for planning or assessment purposes. The PLA strongly believes that this type of engagement is most common at the regimental level and below.The Hasty Attack is when an attacking PLA force comes upon an unexpected hostile static defence. The PLA commander is expected to immediately deploy his troops in the most advantageous position possible to launch an attack with minimal delay and minimal planning.The Deliberate Attack is often used when the Hasty Attack fails. Careful planning and proper distribution of forces and resources characterize this Attack. Most often, artillery is employed to soften up the defence before PLA units attack.For the regimental, battalion, and company commander, command expectations are not high since the Meeting Engagement is prevalent. The only time careful planning occurs is for the PLA force to mass overwhelming force in the Deliberate Attack. In the West, the Hasty Attack is the norm for small unit action. However, the PLA lacks the support mechanism, namely a strong Non-Commissioned Officer Corp, to perform the Hasty Attack effectively. A Western officer can expect his sub-ordinates to make decisions in support of his overall plan. Since PLA officers are expected to react for the most part, such decision-making processes are lacking in resources and training.This philosophy has allowed the PLA to field infantry very apt at the traditional infantry skills. Since the regular soldier can expect his officer to engage him without planning and assessment, he must overcome his own personal opposition by his own personal skill level. The regular soldier cannot expect his officer to maneuver reserves for supportThis system also bypasses certain PLA weaknesses, namely the lack of a good C4I infrastructure. The units are given orders beforehand and can expect no last minute deviation, thus avoiding the need for a strong tactical communication net.While the West may be able to field superior units, they are also saddled with operational complexities that the PLA general does not have. The PLA infantry are expected to fight as-is and not requiring any further support from engineer, artillery, or armour assets. A Western general has to prioritize when and how his front line units get the required support. The Motorized Rifle Regiment (MRR) is the PLA's smallest combined arms unit. It normally comprises of three Motorized Rifle Battalions (MRBs), a heavy mortar battalion, an anti-tank company, a engineer company, a transportation company, a medical company, an air defence company, one signals company, one headquarters company, a chemical platoon, and a reconnaissance platoon. While the MRR can operate as part of a division or an army group, it is also an independent formation that can be deployed alone.The MRR's main goal is to envelop a hostile force up to battalion size by simultaneously striking the front with strong firepower, enveloping the enemy, and penetrating to up to a hostile division's rear area. The MRR attacks with two or more echelons with the main effort to lock the enemy into place while flanking attacks, backed by massive artillery, try to envelop the enemy. The goal is to cut the enemy's escape route and to prevent re-supplies and re-enforcement from reaching the enemy. In effect, to force the enemy to surrender or be killed.Operationally, the MRR approaches a Deliberate Attack along classic infantry lines. Namely,• Reconnaissance • Evaluation and Preparation • Artillery Barrage • Multi-echelon attacks • Penetration • Securing the area The reconnaissance platoon usually scouts about 20 to 30 kilometres ahead of the main body. There is both a passive and active role for this force. Initially, the platoon would try to avoid direct contact with the enemy while trying to identify the enemy's key logistical, C3, and tactical concentrations as well as key terrain features. This information is then relayed, by foot if necessary, to the regimental headquarters. As the regimental main body organizes into their battalion lines of deployment, the reconnaissance platoon would then directly engage the enemy in order to reveal the enemy's disposition, strength, and fire plan. The MRR organizes a Deliberate Attack into a main direct attack echelon and a flanking attack echelon. The composition is usually two MRBs for the frontal attack and one MRB for the flanking maneuver. The two echelons usually attack simultaneously. The target list provided by the reconnaissance platoon is evaluated and the Regimental Artillery Group (RAG) is tasked to handle this list in priority.The Air Defence Company is expected to protect the RAG and the Command Posts. For the attacking echelons, air defence is passive, relying on speed and stealth for protection. The MRBs also would rely on hugging tactics during engagment for protection against enemy firepower. By intermixing with the enemy, enemy airpower and artillery would be presented with hitting their own people as well as the MRBs.In classic PLA terms, the RAG is employed in rolling barrage fashion, screening the advancing MRBs with both smoke and high explosives. The RAG's role includes obstacle breaching including cutting wire, clearing minefields. Suppression of enemy fire is critical in supporting the MRBs. When the MRBs are fully engaged, the RAG shifts away from direct support to targeting enemy logistical and command assets. Special attention is giving to enemy reserve units who might be coming up to shore up the defences.If the MRR is attacking as part of a Division or Army Group, additional artillery battalions may be part of the barrage and direct support assets. The PLA has invested much in new artillery fire control systems (FCS), giving the PLA the ability to quickly calculate fire mission data. This ability is needed to counter previously undetected threats. However, the lacks of resources meant that the PLA can only equipped and train relatively few units. Initially, these would be Army Groups' Artillery Regiments. If attached to support the MRR attack, the breaching company can expect these systems to provide much faster, more accurate, and heavier indirect fire support to keep the breach open.The Lines of Deployment (LD) for the MRBs is extremely close to the Forward Edge of the Battle Area because of this purpose. The opposing force cannot be allowed time to recover from the artillery barrage and the MRB would have to engage almost immediately after the barrage ceases. By definition, this would be a Meeting Engagement since neither the attacker nor the defender would have time to access the damage done by the artillery.As stated before, the MRR attacks with a multi-echelon assault. While the main frontal attack is designed to tie down the enemy force, front line units in all echelons are to bypass strong points if at all possible. The follow up force would be tasked with defeating these strong points. The main goal of the front units is to try to hit the rear areas, forcing the enemy to surrender or be killed. The MRR can be expected to re-enforce any penetration with determination.Stalled units can be expected to keep their opposing force occupied. However, upon an enemy collapse, those units can be expected to shift into supporting the penetration.Once the rear area has been reached, the MRR's task is to secure from possible counter-attacks. Initially, simple mines would be laid across the enemy's main counter-attacking axis. However, as time allows more elaborate defence measures, company size layouts would be errected. Since the PLA views defence as a temporary measure, fall back positions are often ignored in favour of establishing Artillery Fire Concentration zones. The Russian Motorized Rifle RegimentThe Russian Motorized Regiment is heavier and faster than its Chinese counterpart but recent events suggest the Russians had opted for deliberate firepower than for speed. Russian equipment for the most part were designed for the lightning strike across Europe during the height of the Cold War but the two wars in Chechnya had forced the Russians to relearn lessons of WWII urban war. The main problems encountered in Chechnya were that the rebels did not run away as per usual guerrilla warfare when faced with overwhelming odds. In actual fact, the rebels decided to fight it out, rendering the envelopment a moot tactic. Direct infantry assaults were often catastrophic, lacking in enough fire support and were gunned down by rebel hand held rockets. Firepower became more important as the Russians dragged their artillery, anti-tank, and anti-air units into the fight, often employing them in point blank direct fire mode.Battle hardened experience and adaptation the Chinese have not the chance to learn. Final Notes The MRR is a very robust organization centering heavily on the use of well-disciplined and well-trained troops supported by massive firepower. It minimizes PLA weaknesses while maximizing its strengths. The lack of an effective C3 experience, knowledge, and equipment makes a combined supporting arms operation hard to achieve. By effectively isolating the sub-ordinate units from support, the MRR bypasses this problem. Instead, the MRR aims to create chaos amongst enemy ranks while relying on a faster reacting commander sending in well-disciplined and well-drilled troops to outslug the opposition individual soldiers.Much depends on the operational plan. While the battalions and companies are expected to fight their local actions without support, the problem remains have they been given the correct objectives? Penetration forces may easily be directed into killing zones or simply ending up where they would be of no use. At the tactical level, the only solution is to ensure a proper operational plan.And that is the main problem with this, the PLA has not demonstrated that they can consistently come up with good operational plans. There is no doubt the PLA can perform an operation brilliantly but a poor plan would still result in poor results no matter how brilliant the execution. Concluding Remarks The PLA's MRR doctrine is obviously aimed at the PRC's southern neighbours. It currently lacks the responsiveness and the speed of its rear echelon units to overcome Western Task Forces/Battle Groups. The PLA might very well be able to seize the initiative but be very hard pressed to keep it. Western forces currently enjoy overwhelming mobility, precision firepower, and co-ordination capabilities the PLA currently does not have. Given such circumstances, the Western commander has more resources to react with then that of the PLA commander even though the PLA commander may react first.However, the PRC's southern neighbours lacked such sophistication. The best force facing the PLA would be the Indian Army and that is still a traditional classic infantry army with very limited mobility and co-ordination, especially around the Himalayan terrain that both sides are saddled with. The doctrine does give the PLA somewhat better mobility to move small forces around. Whether that is enough to destroy an enemy's ability to wage war is open to question. An enemy army may be surrounded but it is far from dead and still capable of exacting extreme casualties. The besieged Paulis made the Red Army pay in blood at Stanligrad and Bastion was key to the Allied victory at the Battle of the Bulge.As noted though, the PLA does not think in tactical terms but in the geo-political strategic sphere. Whatever the operational objectives and tactical performances were in China's victories, these did not stop the PLA from achieving several large strategic goals. In the Korean War, that's eviction of the Americans from North Korea and in the Sino-Vietnam Wars, Vietnamese and therefore, Soviet expansion in South East Asia was checked.To the PLA thinking, the initiative is almost an operational goal in itself. In China's wars in Korea, India, and Vietnam, the Chinese kept the initiative no matter how bad the operational and tactical situation. That in itself is a formidable task, forcing the enemy to react to Chinese moves, instead of dictating the battle itself. This includes withdrawing and denying the enemy even a chance at a well-fought victory. Given such designs, it is hard to imagine the PLA being in life and death struggles such as Stalingrad but rather pitted against forces that would deny the PLA the initiative. If the PLA manages to get the initiative in the first place, then the MRR is designed to keep it, hitting the enemy before they can mount a successful counter-attack.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00emi^ LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00ovi_cchttp://www.infonews.ro/stire/535499-china-relaxa-politica-unui-singur-copil-familie-vigoare-30-ani.htmlAnaliştii spun că politica unui singur copil îşi arată acum efectele secundare în China, care se confruntă cu o lipsă acută de forţă de muncă, mai ales în mediul rural.După 30 de ani de restricţii privind natalitatea, China va relaxa politica unicului copil. Regimul comunist a încercat în ultimele decenii să limiteze creşterea demografică în ţară, dar îmbătrânirea populaţiei a determinat autorităţile să-şi schimbe viziunea.Astfel, oficialii de la Beijing vor lansa un program pilot în cinci provincii ale ţării, în care cuplurile vor putea avea un al doilea copil, dar cu condiţia ca cei doi părinţi să fie copii unici. Proiectul va fi extins la sfârşitul anului viitor şi în Beijing.Din 2014 restricţia copilului unic în familie ar urma să fie eliminată la nivel naţional. Analiştii spun că politica unui singur copil îşi arată acum efectele secundare în China, care se confruntă cu o lipsă acută de forţă de muncă, mai ales în mediul rural. Şi aceasta în condiţiile în care economia ţării nu a fost lovită de recesiune şi înregistrează creşteri.[/link][/link]Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00BoribumDaca ar accepta chinezii astia o infuzie de rromi,poate ca i-am putea ajuta.Poate nu la capitolul "forta de munca" dar la natalitate sigur. Plus ca sunt cosmopoliti oamenii,si ar veni de la Paris,Roma,Londra,Bruxelles via Bucuresti.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00SurryPoate ca ar trebui sa dea o lege prin care sa ii lase pe chinezii stabiliti prin alte tari sa aduca in tara si copii nascuti prin tarile europei si nu numai.S-ar rezolva problema ..fara cosmopoliti.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00ex-adacu' pe bune si al naibii de serios: voi doi n-ati vrea sa luati o pauza la offtopicuri si gargara?Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Boribumex-ad wrote ... offtopicuri si gargara? Off-topic ?! Stiti,desigur,ca exista tigani/rromi în China,si ca sunt acolo dinainte de a fi ajuns prin Europa.Cunoasteti,desigur,felul în care dinastia Yuan i-a recuperat pe tigani în folosul economiei regionale.Chineze.În fine,asta scrie Cai Hongsheng. Dar daca ziceti ca e off-topic,asa sa fie. Luoli,off-topic si gargara ? OK.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisAm auzit eu ceva cu tiganii numiti intr-o vreme micii tatari pt. ca veneau agatati de coada astora,dar nimic mai mult.Zi Boribum cum fu cu tiganii si mongolii,ca sa nu mor prost. Familiile mai instarite fac tratamente de fertilitate pt. a avea gemeni.Politica singurului copil a avut printre altele efectul ca baietii depasesc fetele cam cu vreo 30 de milioane(strict in randul tinerei generatii).Practica culturala sa favorizezi baietii.Asta incepe sa genereze probleme prin tarile vecine,intrucat chinezii importa neveste,iar fenomenul se va amplifica.Cu cat lucrurile se schimba,cu atat raman la fel.Elena secolului 21 e din Jakarta sau Manilla.p.s Cred ca stim toti ce a vrut sa zica Ex-AdRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00BoribumNu e vorba despre cum a fost,ci despre cum este (o discutie de la Luri încoace e grele rau) . Ca sunt luoli,ca sunt moluo,rolul lor demografic si economic în China actuala e orice numai insignifiant nu e (vezi Directiva Partidului în regiunea Lanzhou din 2000). Numai ca nu vreau sa gargarisesc si off-topic-esc,asa încât îmi permit sa o las pe Ex-ad sa continue în mod profesionist expunerea.Edit : acum câteva zile,China a condamnat foarte dur pozitia Frantei în legatura cu tiganii. Totodata,China si U.E au discutii permanente în legatura cu non-respectul drepturilor omului în China. Si totusi,China a fost foarte virulenta în reactia ei cu privire la tigani. Stiti de ce,nu ? Prima replica cu tiganii/rromii avea un raport cu asta,si mai ales cu economia chineza. Bafto delo (nu stiu cum e în chineza).Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00AltairLINKCel puţin 200 de obuze de artilerie au lovit insula sud-coreeană locuită Yeonpyeong şi au incendiat zeci de case. Un martor a declarat pentru un post sud-coreean de televiziune că între 60 şi 70 de case sunt în flăcări.Phenianul a deschis focul la ora locală 14.34 (7.34 ora României), iar armata sud-coreeană a replicat cu 80 de runde de artilerie şi a ordonat decolarea unor avioane de luptă.Preşedintele sud-coreean Lee Myung-Bak, care a convocat de urgenţă o reuniune a guvernului după incidentul armat de marţi cu Phenianul, a dat asigurări că administraţia sa ia măsuri pentru a evita ca un schimb de focuri să escaladeze într-un război, relatează CNN.Armata sud-coreeană se află în alertă şi este pregătită pentru posibile noi incidente armate.Imagini cu coloane de fum au fost transmise de posturile de televiziune, iar insula a rămas fără curent electric, dar nu este clar deocamdată ce a fost lovit.Insula vizată are circa 1.300 de locuitori, a declarat un pescar pentru Yonhap. Unii locuitori au început să fugă pe continent, care se află la o distanţă de 145 de kilometri. Alţii se adăpostesc în şcoli. Autorităţile le-au cerut civililor să se ascundă în buncăre.Potrivit Euronews, armata sud-coreeană se află în alertă maximă, iar civilii de pe insula Yeonpyeong au fost evacuaţi în buncăre.Incidentul intervine la câteva zile după ce un expert american a primit acces la un centru modern nord-coreean de îmbogăţire a uraniului. Recent, New York Times relata un episod petrecut în cursul acestei luni, în care autorităţile nord-coreene i-ar fi prezentat unui cercetător american, aflat în vizită în Coreea de Nord, o centrală nucleară construită în secret, destinată activităţilor de îmbogăţire a uraniului.Mai mult, în luna august, Coreea de Nord a ameninţat că va riposta violent, drept urmare a exerciţiilor militare dintre Coreea de Sud şi Statelee Unite. "Reacţia militară a Republicii Democrate Populare Coreea va fi cea mai aspră pedeapsă văzută vreodată în lume", a declarat un purtător de cuvânt al armatei nord-coreene, într-un comunicat transmis de agenţia oficială de ştiri a ţării.Legăturile dintre Corei s-au deteriorat semnificativ după scufundarea, la 26 martie a, unei nave sud-coreene, incident în care 46 de militari au murit. O anchetă internaţională a spus că nava a fost lovită de o torpilă nord-coreeană, însă Phenianul a negat orice implicareRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Surryasta am primit aseara pe e-mail.LINKutm_source=GJourney&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=101123&utm_content=GJimage&elq=b1fd26451dec44a480064280fccfa084.LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:000050Jurnaliştii din Coreea de Sud declară război Coreei de NordAutor: Oana Ţepeş GreuruşSchimbul de focuri de ieri dintre Coreea de Sud şi Coreea de Nord e subiectul de primă pagină în presa de la Seul. Bilanţul atacului a ajuns la patru morţi, doi soldaţi şi doi civili. Astăzi, au fost găsite trupurile neînsufleţite a doi localnici, scrie BBC. Coreea de Nord a bombardat insula sud-coreeană Yeonpyeong"În faţa unui atac duşman, e necesară o atitudine determinată pentru a sancţiona inamicul", continuă aceeaşi sursă. "Un atac fanatic", titrează ziarul JoongAng Ilbo, care face apel la o ripostă fermă: "Peninsula e în flăcări. Nu vom putea tolera niciodată un atac împotriva civililor." "Aceste agresiuni nu vor înceta niciodată. Responsabilii nord-coreeni şi-au demonstrat brutalitatea şi lipsa de conştiinţă. Trebuie să lansăm un atac", titrează ziarul. Pentru cotidianul de limbă engleză JoongAng Daily, atacul nord-coreenilor trezeşte amintiri încă proaspete despre războiul dintre cele două Corei şi confirmă din nou trista realitate că o astfel de tragedie se poate repeta în orice moment. "Avertizăm solemn Nordul că dacă vrea să se joacă în continuare cu focul, va sfârşi mai devreme sau mai târziu pierind în focul pe care singul l-a declanşat". Un alt cotidian de limbă engleză de la Seul, Korea Times, subliniează că este vorba despre primul atac împotriva civililor după atentatul din 1987 de la bordul unui Boeing al Korean Airlines. 115 oameni au murit atunci, iar atacul a fost atribuit nord-coreenilor. În plus, bombardamentul de ieri soldat cu 2 morţi şi 18 răniţi este primul atac împotriva unei insule sud-coreene după războiul din 1953. Bombardamentul îi consolidează puterea succesorului lui Kim Jong Il Acest atac pare să se înscrie în strategia care vizează consolidarea puterii liderilor nord-coreeni înainte de preluarea mandatului de succesorul lui Kim Jong Il, mezinul acestuia, Kim Jong-Un, notează publicaţia. De aceeaşi părere e şi premierul sud-coreean, Kim Hwang-Sik. "Phenianul încearcă să proclame vitejia militară a posibilului moştenitor Kim Jong-Un, să întărească unitatea naţională şi să mute spre exterior nemulţumirea populaţiei nord-coreene". Şi ministrul sud-coreean al apărării, Kim Tae-Young, are aceeaşi opinie: "Coreea de Nord a lansat atacul pentru a consolida procesul de succesiune, arătând capacităţile conducătorului Kim Jong-Un". În plus, după ce a dezvăluit informaţii privind uzina sa de îmbogăţire a uraniului pe 12 noiembrie, Coreea de Nord a trecut la tiruri de artilerie pentru a-i da lui Kim Jong-Un statutul de lider puternic, a mai declarat ministrul, potrivit Yonhap. Tot azi, ca răspuns la atacul nord-coreean, guvernul sud-coreean a decis să suspende ajutorul umanitar promis Coreei de Nord, după inundaţiile din luna august. Iar în capitala Coreei de Sud, la Seul, zeci de oameni au protestat în stradă, furioşi în urma ataculul lansat de nord-coreeni. Manifestanţii au incendiat steagul Coreei de Nord şi portretul liderului de la Phenian, Kim Jong Il. LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:000050China a început "colonizarea" economică a Americii LatineAutor: Paul CiocoiuChina a devenit al doilea partener comercial al Americii Latine, situându-se imediat în urma Statelor Unite ale Americii, dar înaintea Uniunii Europene, scrie în ediţia de luni cotidianul spaniol El Pais, preluat de Agerpres.Totuşi, unii funcţionari şi oameni de afaceri latino-americani atrag atenţia cu privire la riscurile asocierii cu China, dată fiind concurenţa pe care o reprezintă exporturile industriale ale gigantului asiatic şi interesul companiilor chinezeşti - majoritatea cu acţiuni deţinute de stat şi cotate la bursă - de a intra în posesia terenurilor în ale căror subsoluri se află resurse naturale care interesează Beijingul.Astfel, la un summit de afaceri recent China-America Latină, organizat în oraşul Chengdu, capitala provinciei chineze Sichuan, omul de afaceri brazilian Nizan Guanaes, preşedinte al grupului de comunicaţii ABC şi participant la Forumul Economic de la Davos, a avertizat că "am fost deja colonizaţi o dată şi nu mai vrem să mai repetăm figura. Vrem să fim parteneri".Schimburi comerciale record în doar un deceniuChina şi America Latină nu aveau practice schimburi comerciale în anul 2000, însă zece ani mai târziu volumul acestora crescut de 11 ori. Când preşedintele chinez Hu Jintao a vizitat pentru prima oară continental sud-american, în 2004, a prevăzut că schimburile comerciale dintre cele două părţi vor ajunge la 72 miliarde de euro în 2010 şi că investiţiile companiilor chineze vor totaliza tot 72 de miliarde de euro între 2004 şi 2014. Investiţiile chineze în America Latină, care până în 2009 reprezentau mai puţin de unu la sută din capitalurile străine care din regiune, au crescut spectaculos în primele nouă luni ale anului 2010, odată cu anunţarea unor investiţii de aproape 17 miliarde de euro. Însă din cele 19 investiţii majore chineze anunţate în America Latină din 2005 şi până în prezent, doar patru aveau să vizeze industria şi infrastructura, celelalte având legătură cu producţia de materii prime.Interes, dar şi precauţieIn faţa "invaziei" chineze, unele state sud-americane s-au repliat şi au adoptat măsuri de protecţie. Brazilia a limitat deja, în acest an, vânzarea de proprietăţi importante către străini. Uruguay intenţionează, la rândul său, să interzică vânzarea de proprietăţi mari către alte state, în timp ce Congresul argentinian analizează un proiect de lege care restrânge accesul străinilor la proprietatea asupra terenurilor. Nu se pune problema ca executivele latino-americane să pună piedici în calea relaţiilor cu China, însă doresc să fixeze totuşi nişte limite, comentează El Pais. "Împărtăşim idealul unei creşteri cu incluziune socială, dar un scenariu în care noi am fi doar exportatori de materii prime poate bloca atingerea acestui obiectiv primordial", explică subsecretarul pe probleme de comerţ internaţional al Argentinei, Ariel Schale. Directorul pe probleme de comerţ internaţional al Braziliei, Luiz Fernando Antonio, recunoaşte că fierul, soia şi ţiţeiul reprezintă 80 la sută din exporturile ţării sale către China. "În schimb, importăm echipamente electronice", precizează el. 'Nimeni nu vrea să se transforme doar în producător de materii prime", admite Antonio, însă spune că responsabilitatea aparţine Americii Latine. LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Stel005 wrote ... Coreea de Nord a bombardat insula sud-coreeană Yeonpyeong"În faţa unui atac duşman, e necesară o atitudine determinată pentru a sancţiona inamicul", continuă aceeaşi sursă. Care dusman?! Sunt coreeni cu totii! Asta este doar un alt razboi fratricid, purtat de politicieni iresponsabili impotriva propriului popor.005 wrote ..."Un atac fanatic", titrează ziarul JoongAng Ilbo, care face apel la o ripostă fermă: "Peninsula e în flăcări. Nu vom putea tolera niciodată un atac împotriva civililor." Pretext. In rest, doar exagerare, manipulare, ipocrizie.005 wrote ..."Aceste agresiuni nu vor înceta niciodată. Responsabilii nord-coreeni şi-au demonstrat brutalitatea şi lipsa de conştiinţă. Trebuie să lansăm un atac", titrează ziarul. Astia abia asteapta, parca ei au pregatit acest scenariu si acum si-l sustin.005 wrote ..."Avertizăm solemn Nordul că dacă vrea să se joacă în continuare cu focul, va sfârşi mai devreme sau mai târziu pierind în focul pe care singur l-a declanşat". Amenintari?! Partizanat?! Nu mi se pare deloc diplomatic.005 wrote ...Un alt cotidian de limbă engleză de la Seul, Korea Times, subliniează că este vorba despre primul atac împotriva civililor după atentatul din 1987 de la bordul unui Boeing al Korean Airlines. De aceeaşi părere e şi premierul sud-coreean, Kim Hwang-Sik. "Phenianul încearcă să proclame vitejia militară a posibilului moştenitor Kim Jong-Un, să întărească unitatea naţională şi să mute spre exterior nemulţumirea populaţiei nord-coreene". Şi ministrul sud-coreean al apărării, Kim Tae-Young, are aceeaşi opinie: "Coreea de Nord a lansat atacul pentru a consolida procesul de succesiune, arătând capacităţile conducătorului Kim Jong-Un". În plus, după ce a dezvăluit informaţii privind uzina sa de îmbogăţire a uraniului pe 12 noiembrie, Coreea de Nord a trecut la tiruri de artilerie pentru a-i da lui Kim Jong-Un statutul de lider puternic, a mai declarat ministrul, potrivit Yonhap. Tot azi, ca răspuns la atacul nord-coreean, guvernul sud-coreean a decis să suspende ajutorul umanitar promis Coreei de Nord, după inundaţiile din luna august. Iar în capitala Coreei de Sud, la Seul, zeci de oameni au protestat în stradă, furioşi în urma ataculul lansat de nord-coreeni. Manifestanţii au incendiat steagul Coreei de Nord şi portretul liderului de la Phenian, Kim Jong Il. Criminal! Interese meschine, lupta pentru putere, capital politic, iar populatia - masa de manevra. Si carne de tun...Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00alexius"Coreea de Sud a început, luni dimineaţa (20 decembrie 2010), exerciţiile militare în apropierea imediată a graniţei cu Republica Populară Democrată Coreeană. Specialiştii atenţionează în legătură cu serioasele riscuri politico-militare, sociale şi ecologice ale unui potenţial conflict de anvergură dintre cele două Corei", notează cotidianul rus Nezavisimaia Gazeta, citat de Agerpres."Moscova consideră, la rândul său, că manevrele cu tiruri de artilerie ale sud-coreenilor, desfăşurate pe insula Yeonpyeong, ar putea deteriora şi mai mult situaţia deja tensionată din regiune. Rusia, care are graniţă comună cu RPDC, are de ce să se teamă, subliniază cotidianul. În cazul în care conflictul va escalada, este posibil un aflux de refugiaţi şi o catastrofă ecologică în zonă. "În Coreea de Sud există 20 de centrale nucleare, care ar putea fi distruse cu arme obişnuite. Aceasta înseamnă 20 de noi Cernobâluri. De altfel, şi în Coreea de Nord există obiective nucleare", declară Voronţov, expert în cadrul Institutului de Orientalistică al Academiei de Ştiinţe din Rusia. În afară de aceasta, acţiunile militare din Peninsula Coreeană vor obliga ţările vecine, inclusiv Rusia, China şi SUA, să-şi plaseze în stare de pregătire totală de luptă propriile forţe armate. "Din experienţa campaniei irakiene ştim că, în pofida utilizării de arme cu precizie înaltă, uneori erau afectate şi ţările vecine", atenţionează analistul rus. În opinia lui Voronţov, conflictul dintre cele două Corei ar putea fi unul îndelungat şi incontrolabil, putând escalada într-un al treilea Război Mondial, în care SUA să se confrunte cu China. Între timp, poziţia Washingtonului stârneşte întrebări, subliniază Nezavisimaia Gazeta. Astfel, SUA nu au acceptat convocarea, sâmbătă trecută, a Consiliului de Securitate al Organizaţiei Naţiunilor Unite /ONU/, după cum solicita Moscova. Se aşteaptă ca circa 20 de militari americani să ia parte la actualele manevre sud-coreene. Phenianul afirmă că sud-coreenii se folosesc de americani ca de un scut, dar nu au ezitat să ameninţe cu "atacuri imprevizibile în scopul autoapărării". La rândul său, Departamentul de Stat al SUA a declarat că exerciţiile militare ale Seulului sunt unele întemeiate în ceea ce priveşte asigurarea securităţii şi că partea sud-coreeană are dreptul la ele. În opinia lui Voronţov, manevrele sud-coreenilor relevă iluziile Seulului, conform cărora schimbarea regimului din RPDC ar fi posibilă prin amplificarea presiunilor şi izolării. "Coreea de Sud şi SUA şi-au pus de acord poziţiile. În afară de aceasta, Washingtonul primeşte o pârghie pentru a-şi înteţi presiunile asupra Chinei, deoarece situaţia îi oferă posibilPC, de aitatea de a-şi desfăşura forţele militare pe perimetrul graniţelor R organiza exerciţii în Marea Galbenă, în apropierea imediată de malurile şi principalele centre ale Chinei", explică expertul. Totuşi, un conflict de anvergură nu este în avantajul nimănui. După ce desfăşurase o vizită la Phenian, guvernatorul statului New Mexico, Bill Richardson, le-a propus militarilor din RPDC să stabilească o linie directă cu cei din sud şi, de asemenea, să înfiinţeze o comisie militară pentru monitorizarea crizelor de la Marea Galbenă, comisie din care să facă parte SUA şi cele două Corei. Nezavisimaia Gazeta remarcă faptul că SUA nu par să dorească prezenţa Rusiei şi Chinei în această comisie. Deocamdată, Phenianul a refuzat propunerea SUASursa: Ziua veche LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisLINK Despre cum se vede relatia sino-americana,cu ambasadorul american in China.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00alexiusBrigada de porumbei militari a Armatei Populare ChinezeTrupe aeropurtate de la natura: China şi-a făcut armată de porumbei călători LINKTrupe aeropurtate de la natură: China şi-a făcut armată de porumbei călători03 mar 2011, 12:51 Steluta Voica | REALITATEA.NET Brigăzile de porumbei militari călători înfiinţate la sfârşitul anului trecut în China numără 10.000 de soldaţi înaripaţi, care pot zbura, în cazul în care canalele hi tech de comunicare cad, cu 120 de km/h şi pot duce greutăţi de până la 100 de g.Chiar dacă şi-a anunţat de puţină vreme cu mândrie în media de stat noul super avion, un stealth fighter, armata chineză nu-şi pune toată încrederea în armele supratehnologizate de luptă şi a investit prevăzătoare şi în nişte brigăzi de soldaţi înaripaţi de pe urma cărora au tras foloase şi Alexandru Macedon sau Napoleon. Armata chineză îi pregăteşte mai ales ca rezerve în misiunile desfăşurate în zonele îndepărtate ale ţării sau în cele muntoase greu accesibile, precum cele ale Himalayei. Şi nu doar atât: "Aceşti porumbei militari vor fi folosiţi pentru misiuni între trupele noastre de graniţă pe mare şi pe uscat", a completat la Televiziunea centrală Chineză expertul militar Chen Hong, după ce armata chineză a făcut oficial anunţul.Trupele de la natură aeropurtate au o lungă istorie de serviciu în China. Sunt folosiţe de armatele chineze de mai bine de o mie de ani, dar baza brigăzilor moderne de porumbei călători militari a fost pusă în anii '30 de un grup de porumbei americani. Veteranul Claire Lee Chennault, locotenent pilot în Aviaţia americană, şeful unui grup de militari americani, numit "Tigrii Zburători", scrie time.com, a fost desemnat în 1937 de SUA să ajute China să respingă invazia japoneză. A adus cu el şi sute de porumbei călători şi acestia aveau să fie nucleul din care se vor dezvolta ulterior trupele de soldaţi înaripaţi, cărora acum China le-a sporit numărul la 10.000 de capete. China mai are în serviciu militar şi 10.000 de câini, înnoinudu-şi aceste efective cu încă 2.000 în fiecare an, şi doar 1.000 de cai, care au rămas o rasă demodata de lupta. În civilie, cel mai mare preţ pentru un porumbel călător în China l-a plătit un licitator anonim care a achiziţionat un exemplar de curse, rasă belgiană, considerată creme de la creme în lumea columbofililor, cu 200.000 de dolari.(Editat de moderator)Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00ResboiuUrmeaza porumbeii de atac si fluturii de lupta.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00BoribumNoi,cu sutele noastre de mii de ciori (dacă n-o fi un meleon)îi rupem. Hai România. Hai mă… ! Înca n-am apucat să trăiesc şi eu două-trei luni în China,să văd un pic cum e. Dar am o nelămurire : la chinezi,lucrurile chinezeşti or fi la fel de proaste ca în restul lumii ?Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00BoribumCitat din sursa de mai sus : "China mai are în serviciu militar şi 10.000 de câini, înnoindu-şi aceste efective cu încă 2.000 în fiecare an, şi doar 1.000 de cai, care au rămas o rasă demodata de lupta." Caii respectivi prin ce sunt « o rasă demodată de luptă » ? Or fi cu şenile,sau pe roţi ? Break sau coupé ? Carburaţie sau injecţie ? Eram convins că …oricum o dau,tot cacofonie iese…că cavaleria / că chinezii cavalerişti sunt bine dotaţi. Iacă că nu . Caii chinezeşti au oare ochii oblici ? Câte nu ştim despre oamenii ăia şi animalele lor….Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisCavaleria a ramas la Politia Populara Inarmata.Fac patrule pe granita si participa la filmari stil Sergiu Nicoleascu.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisUnul din cele mai bune articole legate de rebeliunea din Balochistan din cate am citit pana acum. LINK The bodies surface quietly, like corks bobbing up in the dark. They come in twos and threes, a few times a week, dumped on desolate mountains or empty city roads, bearing the scars of great cruelty. Arms and legs are snapped; faces are bruised and swollen. Flesh is sliced with knives or punctured with drills; genitals are singed with electric prods. In some cases the bodies are unrecognisable, sprinkled with lime or chewed by wild animals. All have a gunshot wound in the head.This gruesome parade of corpses has been surfacing in Balochistan, Pakistan's largest province, since last July. Several human rights groups, including Amnesty International, have accounted for more than 100 bodies – lawyers, students, taxi drivers, farm workers. Most have been tortured. The last three were discovered on Sunday.If you have not heard of this epic killing spree, though, don't worry: neither have most Pakistanis. Newspaper reports from Balochistan are buried quietly on the inside pages, cloaked in euphemisms or, quite often, not published at all.The forces of law and order also seem to be curiously indifferent to the plight of the dead men. Not a single person has been arrested or prosecuted; in fact, police investigators openly admit they are not even looking for anyone. The stunning lack of interest in Pakistan's greatest murder mystery in decades becomes more understandable, however, when it emerges that the prime suspect is not some shady gang of sadistic serial killers, but the country's powerful military and its unaccountable intelligence men.This is Pakistan's dirty little war. While foreign attention is focused on the Taliban, a deadly secondary conflict is bubbling in Balochistan, a sprawling, mineral-rich province along the western borders with Afghanistan and Iran. On one side is a scrappy coalition of guerrillas fighting for independence from Pakistan; on the other is a powerful army that seeks to quash their insurgency with maximum prejudice. The revolt, which has been rumbling for more than six years, is spiced by foreign interests and intrigues – US spy bases, Chinese business, vast underground reserves of copper, oil and gold.And in recent months it has grown dramatically worse. At the airport in Quetta, the provincial capital, a brusque man in a cheap suit marches up to my taxi with a rattle of questions. "Who is this? What's he doing here? Where is he staying?" he asks the driver, jerking a thumb towards me. Scribbling the answers, he waves us on. "Intelligence," says the driver.The city itself is tense, ringed by jagged, snow-dusted hills and crowded with military checkposts manned by the Frontier Corps (FC), a paramilitary force in charge of security. Schools have recently raised their walls; sand-filled Hesco barricades, like the ones used in Kabul and Baghdad, surround the FC headquarters. In a restaurant the waiter apologises: tandoori meat is off the menu because the nationalists blew up the city's gas pipeline a day earlier. The gas company had plugged the hole that morning, he explains, but then the rebels blew it up again.The home secretary, Akbar Hussain Durrani, a neatly suited, well-spoken man, sits in a dark and chilly office. Pens, staplers and telephones are neatly laid on the wide desk before him, but his computer is blank. The rebels have blown up a main pylon, he explains, so the power is off. Still, he insists, things are fine. "The government agencies are operating in concert, everyone is acting in the best public interest," he says. "This is just a . . . political problem." As we speak, a smiling young man walks in and starts to take my photo; I later learn he works for the military's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy agency.We cut across the city, twisting through the backstreets, my guide glancing nervously out the rear window. The car halts before a tall gate that snaps shut behind us. Inside, a 55-year-old woman named Lal Bibi is waiting, wrapped in a shawl that betrays only her eyes, trembling as she holds forth a picture of her dead son Najibullah. The 20-year-old, who ran a shop selling motorbike parts, went missing last April after being arrested at an FC checkpost, she says. His body turned up three months later, dumped in a public park on the edge of Quetta, badly tortured. "He had just two teeth in his mouth," she says in a voice crackling with pain. She turns to her father, a turbaned old man sitting beside her, and leans into his shoulder. He grimaces.Bibi says her family was probably targeted for its nationalist ties – Najibullah's older brother, now dead, had joined the "men in the mountains" years earlier, she says. Now a nephew, 28-year-old Maqbool, is missing. She prays for him, regularly calling the hospitals for any sign of him and, occasionally, the city morgues.Over a week of interviews in Karachi and Quetta, I meet the relatives of seven dead men and nine "disappeared" – men presumed to have been abducted by the security forces. One man produces a mobile phone picture of the body of his 22-year-old cousin, Mumtaz Ali Kurd, his eyes black with swelling and his shirt drenched in blood. A relative of Zaman Khan, one of three lawyers killed in the past nine months, produces court papers. A third trembles as he describes finding his brother's body in an orchard near Quetta.Patterns emerge. The victims were generally men between 20 and 40 years old – nationalist politicians, students, shopkeepers, labourers. In many cases they were abducted in broad daylight – dragged off buses, marched out of shops, detained at FC checkposts – by a combination of uniformed soldiers and plain-clothes intelligence men. Others just vanished. They re-emerge, dead, with an eerie tempo – approximately 15 bodies every month, although the average was disturbed last Saturday when eight bodies were found in three locations across Balochistan.Activists have little doubt who is behind the atrocities. Human Rights Watch says "indisputable" evidence points to the hand of the FC, the ISI and its sister agency, Military Intelligence. A local group, Voice for Missing Persons, says the body count has surpassed 110. "This is becoming a state of terror," says its chairman, Naseerullah Baloch.The army denies the charges, saying its good name is being blemished by impersonators. "Militants are using FC uniforms to kidnap people and malign our good name," says Major General Obaid Ullah Khan Niazi, commander of the 46,000 FC troops stationed in Balochistan. "Our job is to enforce the law, not to break it."Despairing relatives feel cornered. Abdul Rahim, a farmer wearing a jewelled skullcap, is from Khuzdar, a hotbed of insurgent violence. He produces court papers detailing the abduction of his son Saadullah in 2009. First he went to the courts but then his lawyer was shot dead. Then he went to the media but the local press club president was killed. Now, Rahim says, "nobody will help in case they are targeted too. We are hopeless."Balochistan has long been an edgy place. Its vast, empty deserts and long borders are a magnet for provocateurs of every stripe. Taliban fighters slip back and forth along the 800-mile Afghan border; Iranian dissidents hide inside the 570-mile frontier with Iran. Drug criminals cross the border from Helmand, the world's largest source of heroin, on their way to Iran or lonely beaches on the Arabian Sea. Wealthy Arab sheikhs fly into remote airstrips on hunting expeditions for the houbara bustard, a bird they believe improves their lovemaking. At Shamsi, a secretive airbase in a remote valley in the centre of the province, CIA operatives launch drones that attack Islamists in the tribal belt.The US spies appreciate the lack of neighbours – Balochistan covers 44% of Pakistan yet has half the population of Karachi. The province's other big draw is its natural wealth. At Reko Diq, 70 miles from the Afghan border, a Canadian-Chilean mining consortium has struck gold, big-time. The Tethyan company has discovered 4bn tonnes of mineable ore that will produce an estimated 200,000 tonnes of copper and 250,000 ounces of gold per year, making it one of the largest such mines in the world. The project is currently stalled by a tangled legal dispute, but offers a tantalising taste of Balochistan's vast mineral riches, which also includes oil, gas, platinum and coal. So far it is largely untapped, though, and what mining exists is scrappy and dangerous. On 21 March, 50 coal workers perished in horrific circumstances when methane gas flooded their mine near Quetta, then catastrophically exploded.Two conflicts are rocking the province. North of Quetta, in a belt of land adjoining the Afghan border, is the ethnic Pashtun belt. Here, Afghan Taliban insurgents shelter in hardline madrasas and lawless refugee camps, taking rest in between bouts of battle with western soldiers in Afghanistan. It is home to the infamous "Quetta shura", the Taliban war council, and western officials say the ISI is assisting them. Some locals agree. "It's an open secret," an elder from Kuchlak tells me. "The ISI gave a fleet of motorbikes to local elders, who distributed them to the fighters crossing the border. Nobody can stop them."The other conflict is unfolding south of Quetta, in a vast sweep that stretches from the Quetta suburbs to the Arabian Sea, in the ethnic Baloch and Brahui area, whose people have always been reluctant Pakistanis. The first Baloch revolt erupted in 1948, barely six months after Pakistan was born; this is the fifth. The rebels are splintered into several factions, the largest of which is the Balochistan Liberation Army. They use classic guerrilla tactics – ambushing military convoys, bombing gas pipelines, occasionally lobbing rockets into Quetta city. Casualties are relatively low: 152 FC soldiers died between 2007 and 2010, according to official figures, compared with more than 8,000 soldiers and rebels in the 1970s conflagration.But this insurgency seems to have spread deeper into Baloch society than ever before. Anti-Pakistani fervour has gripped the province. Baloch schoolchildren refuse to sing the national anthem or fly its flag; women, traditionally secluded, have joined the struggle. Universities have become hotbeds of nationalist sentiment. "This is not just the usual suspects," says Rashed Rahman, editor of the Daily Times, one of few papers that regularly covers the conflict.At a Quetta safehouse I meet Asad Baloch, a wiry, talkative 22-year-old activist with the Baloch Students' Organisation (Azad). "We provide moral and political support to the fighters," he says. "We are making people aware. When they are aware, they act." It is a risky business: about one-third of all "kill and dump" victims were members of the BSO.Baloch anger is rooted in poverty. Despite its vast natural wealth, Balochistan is desperately poor – barely 25% of the population is literate (the national average is 47%), around 30% are unemployed and just 7% have access to tap water. And while Balochistan provides one-third of Pakistan's natural gas, only a handful of towns are hooked up to the supply grid.The insurgents are demanding immediate control of the natural resources and, ultimately, independence. "We are not part of Pakistan," says Baloch.His phone rings. News comes through that another two bodies have been discovered near the coast. One, Abdul Qayuum, was a BSO activist. Days later, videos posted on YouTube show an angry crowd carrying his bloodied corpse into a mortuary. He had been shot in the head.The FC commander, Maj Gen Niazi, wearing a sharp, dark suit and with neatly combed hair (he has just come from a conference) says he has little time for the rebel demand. "The Baloch are being manipulated by their leaders," he says, noting that the scions of the main nationalist groups live in exile abroad – Hyrbyair Marri in London; Brahamdagh Bugti in Geneva. "They are enjoying the life in Europe while their people suffer in the mountains," he says with a sigh.Worse again, he adds, they were supported by India. The Punjabi general offers no proof for his claim, but US and British intelligence broadly agree, according to the recent WikiLeaks cables. India sees Balochistan as payback for Pakistani meddling in Kashmir – which explains why Pakistani generals despise the nationalists so much. "Paid killers," says Niazi. He vehemently denies involvement in human rights violations. "To us, each and every citizen of Balochistan is equally dear," he says.Civilian officials in the province, however, have another story. Last November, the provincial chief minister, Aslam Raisani, told the BBC that the security forces were "definitely" guilty of some killings; earlier this month, the province's top lawyer, Salahuddin Mengal, told the supreme court the FC was "lifting people at will". He resigned a week later.However, gross human rights abuses are not limited to the army. As the conflict drags on, the insurgents have become increasingly brutal and ruthless. In the past two years, militants have kidnapped aid workers, killed at least four journalists and, most disturbingly, started to target "settlers" – unarmed civilians, mostly from neighbouring Punjab, many of whom have lived in Balochistan for decades. Some 113 settlers were killed in cold blood last year, according to government figures – civil servants, shopkeepers, miners. On 21 March, militants riding motorbikes sprayed gunfire into a camp of construction workers near Gwadar, killing 11; the Baloch Liberation Front claimed responsibility. Most grotesque, perhaps, are the attacks on education: 22 school teachers, university lecturers and education officials have been assassinated since January 2008, causing another 200 to flee their jobs.As attitudes harden, the middle ground is being swept away in tide of bloodshed. "Our politicians have been silenced," says Habib Tahir, a human rights lawyer in Quetta. "They are afraid of the young." I ask a student in Quetta to defend the killing of teachers. "They are not teachers, they work for the intelligence agencies," one student tells me. "They are like thieves coming into our homes. They must go."The Islamabad government seems helpless to halt Balochistan's slide into chaos. Two years ago, President Asif Ali Zardari announced a sweeping package of measures intended to assuage Baloch grievances, including thousands of jobs, a ban on new military garrisons and payment of $1.4bn (£800m) in overdue natural gas royalties. But violence has hijacked politics, the plan is largely untouched, and anaemic press coverage means there is little outside pressure for action.Pakistan's foreign allies, obsessed with hunting Islamists, have ignored the problem. "We are the most secular people in the region, and still we are being ignored," says Noordin Mengal, who represents Balochistan on the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.In this information vacuum, the powerful do as they please. Lawyer Kachkol Ali witnessed security forces drag three men from his office in April 2009. Their bodies turned up five days later, dead and decomposed. After telling his story to the press, Ali was harassed by military intelligence, who warned him his life was in danger. He fled the country. "In Pakistan, there is only rule of the jungle," he says by phone from Lørenskog, a small Norwegian town where he won asylum last summer. "Our security agencies pick people up and treat them like war criminals," he says. "They don't even respect the dead."Balochistan's dirty little war pales beside Pakistan's larger problems – the Taliban, al-Qaida, political upheaval. But it highlights a very fundamental danger – the ability of Pakistanis to live together in a country that, under its Islamic cloak, is a patchwork of ethnicities and cultures. "Balochistan is a warning of the real battle for Pakistan, which is about power and resources," says Haris Gazdar, a Karachi-based researcher. "And if we don't get it right, we're headed for a major conflict."Before leaving Quetta I meet Faiza Mir, a 36-year-old lecturer in international relations at Quetta's Balochistan University. Militants have murdered four of her colleagues in the past three years, all because they were "Punjabi". Driving on to the campus, she points out the spots where they were killed, knowing she could be next."I can't leave," says Mir, a sparky woman with an irrepressible smile. "This is my home too." And so she engages in debate with students, sympathising with their concerns. "I try to make them understand that talk is better than war," she says.But some compromises are impossible. Earlier on, students had asked Mir to remove a portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's founding father, from her office wall. Mir politely refused, and Jinnah – an austere lawyer in a Savile Row suit - still stares down from her wall.But how long will he stay there? "That's difficult to say," she answers.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisSi inca unul LINK Heroin smuggling routes Balochistan borders Helmand province in Afghanistan, the centre of the Taliban insurgency and the world's single largest source of heroin. Baram Cha, a small town tucked into the Chagai Hills just inside the Afghan border, is a notorious hub of heroin processing labs, and has been raided by helicopter-borne teams of British special forces and Afghan counter-narcotics soldiers. From Helmand, the drugs cross Balochistan via two routes – west to Iran and south to the Makran coast on the Arabian Sea.Gwadar port Completed in 2008, this Chinese-built project transformed a sleepy Baloch fishing village into a major deep-water port. It's strategically located near the Straits of Hormuz – a major oil shipping lane – and China wants access to the sea for its land-locked western provinces. But the US sees it as a potential military base, and the UAE considers it unwelcome competition. Baloch nationalists view Gwadar as an imposition by the central government whose benefits will bypass the province. It has become a hub of violent upheaval in the past two years, with shootings and bombings by nationalists, and reprisal abductions and killings by the security forces. Gwadar was not traditionally under the sway of tribal leaders, suggesting that Balochistan's fifth insurgency has a broader reach than previous ones.Nato supply lines After the Khyber Pass, Balochistan is Nato's second largest Pakistani supply route to troops in Afghanistan. More than 3,000 trucks pass through Balochistan every month. Between nine and 12 of them are attacked and burned every month, according to army figures. It is not clear whether the attacks are by Baloch militants or pro-Taliban Islamists.Taliban bases Taliban fighters rest and recuperate in madrasas and mosques dotted along the ethnic Pashtun belt of Balochistan, between Quetta and the border, where at least 30% of the population lives.Nationalist insurgency One of the world largest natural gas fields is located at Sui, which provides approximately 30% of Pakistan's gas needs. The insurgency started in earnest from this region from 2005, when Bugti tribesmen attacked Pakistani security forces guarding the gas field. In 2006, the army killed the Bugti leader, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, at a cave in the mountains near Kohlu, dramatically fuelling the insurgency. Quetta, the provincial capital, has seen many "disappearances" of Baloch nationalists in recent years. Since July it has also seen a steady stream of bodies dropped on the edge of the city. Electricity, gas supplies and train services to the city are frequently attacked by Baloch rebels. The small town of Khuzdar is home to the Mengal tribe, which has been involved in several of Balochistan's insurgencies over the past six decades. It has seen a string of violent acts in the past year – shootings of journalists, abduction of Baloch activists by security forces, dumping of bodies bearing torture marks. Nationalist rebels, in turn, have lobbed rockets into the local Frontier Corps base and ambushed military convoys.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00ex-advalabil si pentru topicul cu lumea araba, zic eu...LINKNever Fight a Land War in Asia March 1, 2011 By George FriedmanU.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, speaking at West Point, said last week that “Any future defense secretary who advises the president to again send a big American land army into Asia or into the Middle East or Africa should have his head examined.” In saying this, Gates was repeating a dictum laid down by Douglas MacArthur after the Korean War, who urged the United States to avoid land wars in Asia. Given that the United States has fought four major land wars in Asia since World War II — Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq — none of which had ideal outcomes, it is useful to ask three questions: First, why is fighting a land war in Asia a bad idea? Second, why does the United States seem compelled to fight these wars? And third, what is the alternative that protects U.S. interests in Asia without large-scale military land wars?The Hindrances of Overseas WarsLet’s begin with the first question, the answer to which is rooted in demographics and space. The population of Iraq is currently about 32 million. Afghanistan has a population of less than 30 million. The U.S. military, all told, consists of about 1.5 million active-duty personnel (plus 980,000 in the reserves), of whom more than 550,000 belong to the Army and about 200,000 are part of the Marine Corps. Given this, it is important to note that the United States strains to deploy about 200,000 troops at any one time in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that many of these troops are in support rather than combat roles. The same was true in Vietnam, where the United States was challenged to field a maximum of about 550,000 troops (in a country much more populous than Iraq or Afghanistan) despite conscription and a larger standing army. Indeed, the same problem existed in World War II.When the United States fights in the Eastern Hemisphere, it fights at great distances, and the greater the distance, the greater the logistical cost. More ships are needed to deliver the same amount of material, for example. That absorbs many troops. The logistical cost of fighting at a distance is that it diverts numbers of troops (or requires numbers of civilian personnel) disproportionate to the size of the combat force.Regardless of the number of troops deployed, the U.S. military is always vastly outnumbered by the populations of the countries to which it is deployed. If parts of these populations resist as light-infantry guerrilla forces or employ terrorist tactics, the enemy rapidly swells to a size that can outnumber U.S. forces, as in Vietnam and Korea. At the same time, the enemy adopts strategies to take advantage of the core weakness of the United States — tactical intelligence. The resistance is fighting at home. It understands the terrain and the culture. The United States is fighting in an alien environment. It is constantly at an intelligence disadvantage. That means that the effectiveness of the native forces is multiplied by excellent intelligence, while the effectiveness of U.S. forces is divided by lack of intelligence.The United States compensates with technology, from space-based reconnaissance and air power to counter-battery systems and advanced communications. This can make up the deficit but only by massive diversions of manpower from ground-combat operations. Maintaining a helicopter requires dozens of ground-crew personnel. Where the enemy operates with minimal technology multiplied by intelligence, the United States compensates for lack of intelligence with massive technology that further reduces available combat personnel. Between logistics and technological force multipliers, the U.S. “point of the spear” shrinks. If you add the need to train, relieve, rest and recuperate the ground-combat forces, you are left with a small percentage available to fight.The paradox of this is that American forces will win the engagements but may still lose the war. Having identified the enemy, the United States can overwhelm it with firepower. The problem the United States has is finding the enemy and distinguishing it from the general population. As a result, the United States is well-suited for the initial phases of combat, when the task is to defeat a conventional force. But after the conventional force has been defeated, the resistance can switch to methods difficult for American intelligence to deal with. The enemy can then control the tempo of operations by declining combat where it is at a disadvantage and initiating combat when it chooses.The example of the capitulation of Germany and Japan in World War II is frequently cited as a model of U.S. forces defeating and pacifying an opposing nation. But the Germans were not defeated primarily by U.S. ground troops. The back of the Wehrmacht was broken by the Soviets on their own soil with the logistical advantages of short supply lines. And, of course, Britain and numerous other countries were involved. It is doubtful that the Germans would have capitulated to the Americans alone. The force the United States deployed was insufficient to defeat Germany. The Germans had no appetite for continuing a resistance against the Russians and saw surrendering to the Americans and British as sanctuary from the Russians. They weren’t going to resist them. As for Japan, it was not ground forces but air power, submarine warfare and atomic bombs that finished them — and the emperor’s willingness to order a surrender. It was not land power that prevented resistance but air and sea power, plus a political compromise by MacArthur in retaining and using the emperor. Had the Japanese emperor been removed, I suspect that the occupation of Japan would have been much more costly. Neither Germany nor Japan are examples in which U.S. land forces compelled capitulation and suppressed resistance.The problem the United States has in the Eastern Hemisphere is that the size of the force needed to occupy a country initially is much smaller than the force needed to pacify the country. The force available for pacification is much smaller than needed because the force the United States can deploy demographically without committing to total war is simply too small to do the job — and the size needed to do the job is unknown.U.S. Global InterestsThe deeper problem is this: The United States has global interests. While the Soviet Union was the primary focus of the United States during the Cold War, no power threatens to dominate Eurasia now, and therefore no threat justifies the singular focus of the United States. In time of war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States must still retain a strategic reserve for other unanticipated contingencies. This further reduces the available force for combat.Some people argue that the United States is insufficiently ruthless in prosecuting war, as if it would be more successful without political restraints at home. The Soviets and the Nazis, neither noted for gentleness, were unable to destroy the partisans behind German lines or the Yugoslav resistance, in spite of brutal tactics. The guerrilla has built-in advantages in warfare for which brutality cannot compensate.Given all this, the question is why the United States has gotten involved in wars in Eurasia four times since World War II. In each case it is obvious: for political reasons. In Korea and Vietnam, it was to demonstrate to doubting allies that the United States had the will to resist the Soviets. In Afghanistan, it was to uproot al Qaeda. In Iraq, the reasons are murkier, more complex and less convincing, but the United States ultimately went in, in my opinion, to convince the Islamic world of American will.The United States has tried to shape events in the Eastern Hemisphere by the direct application of land power. In Korea and Vietnam, it was trying to demonstrate resolve against Soviet and Chinese power. In Afghanistan and Iraq, it was trying to shape the politics of the Muslim world. The goal was understandable but the amount of ground force available was not. In Korea, it resulted in stalemate; in Vietnam, defeat. We await the outcome in Iraq and Afghanistan, but given Gates’ statement, the situation for the United States is not necessarily hopeful.In each case, the military was given an ambiguous mission. This was because a clear outcome — defeating the enemy — was unattainable. At the same time, there were political interests in each. Having engaged, simply leaving did not seem an option. Therefore, Korea turned into an extended presence in a near-combat posture, Vietnam ended in defeat for the American side, and Iraq and Afghanistan have turned, for the time being, into an uncertain muddle that no reasonable person expects to end with the declared goals of a freed and democratic pair of countries.Problems of StrategyThere are two problems with American strategy. The first is using the appropriate force for the political mission. This is not a question so much of the force as it is of the mission. The use of military force requires clarity of purpose; otherwise, a coherent strategy cannot emerge. Moreover, it requires an offensive mission. Defensive missions (such as Vietnam and Korea) by definition have no terminal point or any criteria for victory. Given the limited availability of ground combat forces, defensive missions allow the enemy’s level of effort to determine the size of the force inserted, and if the force is insufficient to achieve the mission, the result is indefinite deployment of scarce forces.Then there are missions with clear goals initially but without an understanding of how to deal with Act II. Iraq suffered from an offensive intention ill suited to the enemy’s response. Having destroyed the conventional forces of Iraq, the United States was unprepared for the Iraqi response, which was guerrilla resistance on a wide scale. The same was true in Afghanistan. Counterinsurgency is occupation warfare. It is the need to render a population — rather than an army — unwilling and incapable of resisting. It requires vast resources and large numbers of troops that outstrip the interest. Low-cost counter-insurgency with insufficient forces will always fail. Since the United States uses limited forces because it has to, counterinsurgency is the most dangerous kind of war for the United States. The idea has always been that the people prefer the U.S. occupation to the threats posed by their fellow countrymen and that the United States can protect those who genuinely do prefer the former. That may be the idea, but there is never enough U.S. force available.Another model for dealing with the problem of shaping political realities can be seen in the Iran-Iraq war. In that war, the United States allowed the mutual distrust of the two countries to eliminate the threats posed by both. When the Iraqis responded by invading Kuwait, the United States responded with a massive counter with very limited ends — the reconquest of Kuwait and the withdrawal of forces. It was a land war in Asia designed to defeat a known and finite enemy army without any attempt at occupation.The problem with all four wars is that they were not wars in a conventional sense and did not use the military as militaries are supposed to be used. The purpose of a military is to defeat enemy conventional forces. As an army of occupation against a hostile population, military forces are relatively weak. The problem for the United States is that such an army must occupy a country for a long time, and the U.S. military simply lacks the ground forces needed to occupy countries and still be available to deal with other threats.By having an unclear mission, you have an uncertain terminal point. When does it end? You then wind up with a political problem internationally — having engaged in the war, you have allies inside and outside of the country that have fought with you and taken risks with you. Withdrawal leaves them exposed, and potential allies will be cautious in joining with you in another war. The political costs spiral and the decision to disengage is postponed. The United States winds up in the worst of all worlds. It terminates not on its own but when its position becomes untenable, as in Vietnam. This pyramids the political costs dramatically.Wars need to be fought with ends that can be achieved by the forces available. Donald Rumsfeld once said, “You go to war with the Army you have. They’re not the Army you might want or wish to have at a later time.” I think that is a fundamental misunderstanding of war. You do not engage in war if the army you have is insufficient. When you understand the foundations of American military capability and its limits in Eurasia, Gates’ view on war in the Eastern Hemisphere is far more sound than Rumsfeld’s.The Diplomatic AlternativeThe alternative is diplomacy, not understood as an alternative to war but as another tool in statecraft alongside war. Diplomacy can find the common ground between nations. It can also be used to identify the hostility of nations and use that hostility to insulate the United States by diverting the attention of other nations from challenging the United States. That is what happened during the Iran-Iraq war. It wasn’t pretty, but neither was the alternative.Diplomacy for the United States is about maintaining the balance of power and using and diverting conflict to manage the international system. Force is the last resort, and when it is used, it must be devastating. The argument I have made, and which I think Gates is asserting, is that at a distance, the United States cannot be devastating in wars dependent on land power. That is the weakest aspect of American international power and the one the United States has resorted to all too often since World War II, with unacceptable results. Using U.S. land power as part of a combined arms strategy is occasionally effective in defeating conventional forces, as it was with North Korea (and not China) but is inadequate to the demands of occupation warfare. It makes too few troops available for success, and it does not know how many troops might be needed.This is not a policy failure of any particular U.S. president. George W. Bush and Barack Obama have encountered precisely the same problem, which is that the forces that have existed in Eurasia, from the Chinese People’s Liberation Army in Korea to the Taliban in Afghanistan, have either been too numerous or too agile (or both) for U.S. ground forces to deal with. In any war, the primary goal is not to be defeated. An elective war in which the criteria for success are unclear and for which the amount of land force is insufficient must be avoided. That is Gates’ message. It is the same one MacArthur delivered, and the one Dwight Eisenhower exercised when he refused to intervene in Vietnam on France’s behalf. As with the Monroe Doctrine, it should be elevated to a principle of U.S. foreign policy, not because it is a moral principle but because it is a very practical one.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisE cineva interesat? LINK Mongolia Prepares for Flood of Money as Copper, Coal ‘Supercharge’ Economy Hurrying into her cramped office deep within Mongolia’s huge Soviet-era Government House, Parliament member Sanjaasuren Oyun, 46, is flushed with excitement, a smile creasing her usually serious face.She hands papers to her young female assistant and exchanges some quick words in the low guttural murmur of Mongolian. Dressed in a pinstriped suit, with a pearl necklace, hair cropped to a business-like shoulder length, and an iPad tucked under her arm, she turns to a waiting reporter.“Sorry to make you wait,” she said, switching smoothly to English, which she picked up as a student at Cambridge. “It’s an important debate we are having today. We are considering a freeze on new exploration licenses.”Outside, it’s a still-chilly, late-May afternoon in Ulaanbaatar, no sign of green along its potholed dirt roads. But the capital city of about 1 million people is already being transformed by forces greater than the change of seasons, Bloomberg BusinessWeek reports in its July 25 edition.A freeze on licenses to explore for minerals is no small matter in Mongolia, a country undergoing a resources boom, as miners such as London-based Rio Tinto Group and China’s Shenhua Group compete for the right to extract coal, copper, gold, molybdenum and uranium.It’s a resource play that’s expected to bring a flood of money into the impoverished country over the next decade, centered around huge mining projects such as the Shivee Ovoo and Tavan Tolgoi coal reserves, valued at about $300 billion and $400 billion, respectively, and the copper and gold mine Oyu Tolgoi, worth some $300 billion, according to Quam Asset Management Ltd. in Hong Kong, which runs a Mongolia-focused investment fund.Wealth, Wise UseOyun is at the center of the country’s efforts to pick its way between wealth and wise use. She is a geologist who once worked for the biggest investor in Mongolia’s mining industry, Rio Tinto, yet she has made a career pushing for the rights of ordinary Mongolians and fighting corruption.She is also part of the nation’s young democratic history. On the wall in her office is a picture of her brother Zorig, a member of Parliament who seemed on his way to becoming prime minister when he was killed in 1998. His murder is still unsolved.Investor TalksOn the Parliament floor, members are demanding that the Mineral Resources and Energy Minister Dashdorj Zorigt step down for his handling of negotiations with foreign investors.“The situation is a bit different from before,” Oyun says, gesturing at a television broadcasting the debate. “When we made our first mining legislation in 1997, we were desperate to attract investment, but no more. We can be more demanding.”She acknowledges that the politicians may be grandstanding, aiming to embarrass rivals in the run-up to 2012’s presidential elections. The energy minister didn’t step down, though the freeze on new licenses has been extended through 2011.The discussion about ensuring Mongolia benefits from its resources is a struggle that pits nomadic herdsmen and environmentalists against well-connected players such as Prime Minister Sukhbaatar Batbold and Baasangombo Enebish, executive director and chief executive officer of coal company Erdenes MGL, as well as global resource giants such as Rio Tinto and Peabody Energy Corp. (BTU)Mining ProtestOyun realizes it’s time to meet her daughter and rushes outside, where her driver waits with the 5-year-old.As the car pulls out around Sukhbaatar Square, in front of Parliament, Oyun points out an ongoing protest: Three round felt tents, known as “yurts” or “gers” in Mongolia, have been set up at the far end of the square. Their occupants are demanding the government close the mining industry to foreign companies.“The gentleman who organized this protest has become something of an extremist --- I’m not sure that’s the right word,” she says, referring to Tsetsgee Munkhbayar, a former herdsman turned environmentalist.“He fired guns near mining equipment last year and now says he and his followers may have to take up arms against the government,” she continues, frowning. “He is a resource nationalist. But here in Mongolia we need to strike a balance. How to be sensible but also populist -- yes, we face this tension.”Mongolia is empty and remote, perhaps one reason Genghis Khan -- or Chinggis Khaan as his name is spelled locally in English -- set out to take over most of Eurasia eight centuries ago.Desert, SteppeOn the two-hour-plus flight north from Beijing, the blankness of the Gobi Desert dominates before becoming the sweeping yellow and green of the steppe, then finally long ranges of treeless mountains as the plane approaches Ulaanbaatar. Other than the broad changes in landscape below, little else is seen. There are no buildings, no roads, no people, no trees, nothing much at all, really.Squeezed between China and Russia, and equal in size to western Europe, Mongolia has just 2.8 million people, making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, notwithstanding the livestock.Mongolia’s National Statistical Office estimates there are 33 million head of livestock in the country, including goats, sheep, horses, cattle and camels. More than a third of Mongols live in the rundown capital, while about a quarter are still semi-nomadic, living in gers and moving their herds along with the seasons.Mineral RichesWhile it may be short on humans, Mongolia is one of the richest nations in terms of natural resources, and that’s just the known deposits. Four-fifths of the country is still unsurveyed. Over the next decade, copper production is expected to double, iron ore to triple, coal to grow by six times, and gold and oil by 10 and 13 times, respectively.Much of that growth will be driven by demand from China, predicts Eurasia Capital, an Ulaanbaatar-based investment bank that focuses on Central Asia and Mongolia.The biggest prize is Oyu Tolgoi -- or Turquoise Hill -- named after the color of copper oxide as it seeps from the ground, and one of the largest deposits of copper and gold.Situated deep in the Gobi Desert, it’s just 80 kilometers (50 miles) from China’s northern border. Canadian company Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. and Rio signed an agreement with Mongolia to develop it in 2009 after the project developer Ivanhoe tried for more than six years to reach a mining accord. Rio last month agreed to increase its stake in Ivanhoe to 46.5 percent.Burnt in EffigySecuring the deal wasn’t easy; disputes over how much control Mongolia should cede to the foreign miners led to bitter negotiations as well as protests where effigies of Ivanhoe’s founder Robert Friedland and then President Nambaryn Enkhbayar were burnt. It was “readily acknowledged” that participants in the demonstrations were paid to parade, Ivanhoe Capital Corp. spokesman Bob Williamson said.“It is one of the flagship projects that Rio has,” said Cameron McRae, president and CEO of Oyu Tolgoi LLC, in his expansive office in the Monnis Tower, one of Ulaanbaatar’s new high-rises. With an expected $6 billion in annual revenue from the mine, “it gives the copper group the opportunity to move into one of the top three in the world,” McRae said.Oyu Tolgoi employs close to 3,000 Mongolians. By early 2013 the company plans to invest $7 billion, including building 100 kilometers of road from the mine to the Chinese border, an 85- kilometer pipeline to bring water to the operation, a 180- kilometer transmission line, and eventually a power station that may cost $1.5 billion.Supercharging Economy“We are very aware this is transforming Mongolia’s economy,” says David Paterson, vice president for regional development and communications at Oyu Tolgoi, also noting that capital spending on the project’s first stage alone is equal to Mongolia’s annual gross domestic product.Simply getting ready to mine is supercharging the tiny economy. GDP grew 6.1 percent last year and was up 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2011 from a year earlier.“The mining sector could very well carry Mongolia for the next 50 years,” says Parmeshwar Ramlogan, the Ulaanbaatar-based resident representative for Mongolia at the International Monetary Fund.Ramlogan predicts Mongolia could grow at double-digit rates for at least the next 10 years, raising per capita income -- now at $2,470 -- fourfold within a decade and making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.Transforming Economies“There is a time in these transforming economies when normal economic growth goes out the window,” says Richard Harris, CEO of Quam Asset Management. “It’s like a geological fault that the economy goes through. You are talking about a nomad or shopkeeper in a small town who suddenly becomes a truck driver or a miner. And he goes from earning a few dollars a day to a few dollars an hour. Then you see the economic changes that go with that.”Policy makers in Mongolia have created a so-called human development fund in large part through prepaid taxes from foreign investors in the Oyu Tolgoi mine, and it doles out 21,000 tugriks ($17) to every Mongolian once a month.Government negotiators are also demanding that the foreign companies that will develop part of the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which holds an estimated 6.4 billion metric tons of coal, pay their taxes early. Plans call for listing shares in the other half of the project in London or Hong Kong, then granting 10 percent of them to Mongolians, making every citizen a shareholder.Years of NeglectNo place is likely to change as much as Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia was a satellite state of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1990, and the years of neglect are still evident in the capital, with block after block of battered-looking cement residential buildings lining rutted roads.A statue of Lenin still stands in front of the Ulaanbaatar Hotel, built in 1961 to house visiting dignitaries from the Soviet bloc. Oyun’s grandfather, a Russian explorer, geographer and ethnologist who spent 26 years in Mongolia, was forcibly returned to the Soviet Union in 1939 and died there in a gulag in 1942. His family never learned the nature of his “crime.”Already high-rises are springing up around Sukhbaatar Square. Louis Vuitton, Emporio Armani, Burberry and Ermenegildo Zegna boutiques vie for attention in the blue-glass Central Tower on the southeastern edge of the square.In the Monet Restaurant, on the building’s 17th floor, businessmen in expensive suits dine on Norwegian salmon and Australian prime beef, finishing with a platter of Gouda, Camembert and Roquefort cheeses with wild blueberry crackers.A bottle of Mouton Cadet Reserve Sauternes can be had for 135,000 tugriks ($108) while diners gaze over the square and beyond to the distant new sports stadium, built with Chinese money.Irish PubAt night a wilder side emerges in places such as Seoul Street’s Grand Khaan Irish Pub, known for its hamburgers, beer and occasional fistfights, and in the city’s numerous strip clubs.In the notorious Marco Polo Club, Australians and Americans working for mining-equipment companies mingle with visiting European investment bankers, drink Chinggis Khaan-brand vodka mixed with Red Bull, and watch topless Mongolian women pole dance.Harris Kupperman, 30, runs his own hedge fund, Praetorian Capital Management, based in Miami Beach. On a trip through North Asia last August, he was struck by the economic potential of Mongolia. He’s bought a house in the high-end neighborhood of Zaisan with views over Ulaanbaatar. In February he started the Mongolia Growth Fund, raising $36.6 million.New York Vibe“All it takes is for you to put your feet on the ground here, you can feel the energy everywhere,” he said. “It’s unlike anywhere in the world in terms of sheer energy, apart from New York and maybe Hong Kong.”Kupperman has started an insurance company and plans to buy, renovate and rent the dilapidated Soviet-era apartments that fill the core of the capital. After looking at other resource economies such as Qatar, Dubai and Kazakhstan, Kupperman and his partners concluded that real estate and finance are two industries that flourish in mineral boom economies, but without the capital costs and political risks of mining.Sipping on a Heineken in the View Lounge, a stylish bar on the rooftop of the 11-story boutique Corporate Hotel, Kupperman notes that he’s not the only investor in town.Dazed and Confused“You go out on the street any day at noon and you will see dazed and confused hedge-fund guys walking around, with a Mongolian as a guide, with dust all over their $1,000 shoes. And you know they are thinking, [how can I] invest in this country?”Mongolia continues to court start-up money. When Prime Minister Batbold went to China in June, Mongolia’s President Tsakhia Elbegdorj was in the U.S., visiting, among other places, the offices of Bloomberg Businessweek.Elbegdorj, 48, is a former journalist and two-time prime minister. Like many of the parliamentarians making decisions about the country’s future, he studied abroad. He has a master’s degree in public administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.On his June 17 visit he noted that Mongolia is planning to issue dollar-denominated bonds “in the near future” to finance expansion of the mining industry and build roads and bridges. It has yet to do so.Oyun is a technocrat in her own right. In 1992, as a student majoring in geology at Cambridge, she flew with a prospecting team organized by Rio Tinto deep into the Mongolian desert to examine the potential of Tavan Tolgoi, then an undeveloped mine. Oyun graduated from Cambridge in 1996 with a doctorate in earth sciences and joined Rio Tinto in Newbury, England, at the branch then responsible for new projects.Stabbed to DeathIn October 1998, one day after returning to England from a one-month trek in the Tianshan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Oyun received a call at two in the morning from a Mongolian colleague working in Rio’s Ulaanbaatar office. Her brother Zorig, then infrastructure minister in the government, had been stabbed to death in his small apartment in the capital, just before an election that would have likely made him prime minister.In an interview just before his death, Oyun recalls, “he said he was very worried that vested interests were taking precedence over the national interests of Mongolia.”Russian MafiaAccording to Oyun, many Mongolians are convinced that her brother’s unsolved murder was a politically motivated assassination, possibly involving Russian mafia interested in the country’s then-largest coal mine, Erdenet.Days after Zorig’s murder, Oyun returned to Mongolia for his funeral.“There was this outpouring of public grief that, even for me, was overwhelming to see,” she remembers. She moved back to Mongolia to begin a political career, founding Civic Will, an opposition party.Since 2009 the country has been governed by a “Grand Coalition” of the Mongolian People’s Party and the Democratic Party. Civic Will’s platform in large part centers on fighting corruption, especially the growing influence of money in Mongolian politics.“I entered politics in 1998 because of my brother’s murder,” Oyun says. “I didn’t join either party because I didn’t find support from either of them for clean politics.”Oyun is fixated on transparent and clean governance, concerned that the new money will be siphoned off through corruption.Corruption ConcernTransparency International, a corruption watchdog, last year rated Mongolia in the bottom third of 178 countries, putting it on par with Mali and Mozambique.Of particular concern are the close links between government and large businesses. A “majority of the 76 MPs have significant commercial interests in a range of sectors,” London-based risk consultants Exclusive Analysis said in a 2009 report on Mongolia.“People are obsessed with money,” said Tsetsgee Munkhbayar, 45, organizer of the protest in Sukhbataar Square. With a face brown from years in the sun, Munkhbayar usually dresses in traditional Mongolian garb: a deel, the long robe generally worn with a sash, and a rounded, pitched helmet-like hat.“The traditional Mongolian perspective of loving nature and mother earth is being forgotten,” he said. As a people we are at a dead-end. We must get ourselves away from the idea that economics is everything and that economics will save us.”Fire NationMunkhbayar heads a coalition of environmental and nationalist groups called Fire Nation, which organizes protests against the rush to develop the mineral economy. Self-trained in environmental legislation, he hands out copies of the national mining law to a visiting reporter. Frustrated by what he says is the mining industry’s tendency to ignore land protections, Munkhbayar and others have taken to violent civil disobedience.Last September, Munkhbayar was part of the group that fired bullets into mining equipment owned by Canadian and Chinese companies that he says were breaking the law. While he claims no employees were directly threatened, he says without remorse that the incident was intimidating as staff “ran or tried to get out of the way.”On June 3, Munkhbayar led a group of about 50 horsemen into the center of the city where they shot arrows at Government House. They were protesting the lack of official response to calls for a national referendum to elect a new government.‘Bribing Officials’Munkhbayar does much of his work out of a small office in Ulaanbataar’s Sukhbaatar district, where on a May visit two volunteers are tapping on ancient, generic computers. Camping gear, including traditional Mongolian wooden saddles, is piled against one wall. His wife and 8-year-old daughter, youngest of four children, watch a tiny television.“International corporations are bribing our government officials so they can take over Mongolia,” Munkhbayar said. “People should stop buying stocks from international mining companies that are involved in exploiting Mongolia. Instead of spending money to buy stocks they should use that money to help movements like ours.”With a national election looming next year, some financiers and politicians fear Parliament could take a few pages from Munkhbayar and vote in policies that might damp economic growth. It has happened before.Since leaving the Soviet Union, Mongolia has zigzagged between privatization and nationalization. In the mid-1990s, Mongolian politicians, inspired by Newt Gingrich, even wrote a “Contract with Mongolia.” Later, populist calls to nationalize industry coincided with the passage of the highest profits tax on gold and copper in the world. It was repealed two years ago.Swing to PopulismAs commodity prices rise, Mongolia may be swinging back toward the populists.Despite passing a stringent fiscal stability law last year, requiring that the deficit not exceed 2 percent of the budget, the government plans to run up a deficit more than four times that amount this year. That may bring inflation into double digits and drive up the value of the tugrik, making non-mineral parts of the economy, such as Mongolia’s cashmere industry, less competitive.It could also bring on the so-called Dutch disease, says Rogier van den Brink, lead economist for Mongolia at the World Bank. That’s when the discovery of natural resources leads to the decline of a country’s manufacturing industries.“It is always very tempting for government and politicians to say we are rich,” says van den Brink. “The only problem is, it’s still in the ground. So let’s spend all this money in advance. That puts fuel on the fire of an already overheating economy.”Policy ExtremesIt’s true Mongolia has veered between policy extremes, concedes Oyun, now sitting in the second-floor office of the Zorig Foundation, in an old, high-ceilinged building next door to Mongolia’s Foreign Ministry -- where Oyun served as minister from 2007 to 2008.A large map of Mongolia covers much of one wall, next to an assortment of five photos of Zorig, including one of him perched on a supporter’s shoulders addressing crowds during a 1990 protest. Student volunteers wander in to ask Oyun about her schedule for the next week.“If we stick to the golden middle -- if we stick to the main international trends of doing business and having good governance -- not going to either the right or left extremes, then we don’t have to be what economists call the darling of the ultraliberals in the West, but we don’t have to introduce the highest windfall tax in the world either,” she said.“There is finally, after 20 years, a real opportunity for Mongolia to grow, and to create jobs and income for the population. I can’t expect us politicians to be clever, but if we don’t come up with stupid decisions, then we should be fine for at least the next few years,” she said with a laugh.“As Genghis Khan apparently said, it’s easy to ride on a horse and conquer a country, but much more difficult to get down from the horse and run it.”--Dexter Roberts in Beijing. Editors: Bryant Urstadt, Andrew HobbsRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmeAvionul chinezesc invizibil. Galerie FOTOSursa: Money.ro | Publicat: 12 nov 2011, 15:05 | Actualizat: 12 nov 2011, 15:11 După ce la începutul acestui an a avut loc primul test al avionului "invizibil" construit de chinezi, arma care a pus pe jar americanii, acum a ieșit la iveală un nou set de fotografii cu avioanele J-20În luna agust a acestui an, Reuters informa că pentru noul prototip al chinezilor s-a folosit tehnologie rusească.Experţii spuneau acum câteva luni că a cincea generaţie de avioane chineze invizibile J-20, care a avut zborul inaugural în luna ianuarie a acestui an, în timpul unei vizite a secretarului american pentru apărare, ar putea avea originile din avionul rusesc Mikoyan 1.44 care nu a fost niciodată produs.Ceea ce ar putea fi adevărat. O sursă apropiată industriei de apărare ruseşti, care a dorit să-și păstreze anonimatul, a declarat că similarităţile dintre cele două avioane arată că tehnologia Mikoyan a trecut în mâinile chinezilor.“Se pare că au avut acces...la documente ce fac referire la Mikoyan”. Aceasta a mai adăugat că nu este clar dacă acest transfer de tehnologie este sau nu legal.Evident că, autoritățile chineze, dar și compania rusească care a supravegheat producția avioanelor Mikoyan au negat trasferul de tehnologie.Analiştii spun că astfel Moscova ar putea fi cu ochii pe abilităţile de apărare ale vecinului din est. Analistul independent Adil Mukashev spune că la mijloc ar putea fi vorba de o tranzacţie financiară. “China a cumpărat tehnologia pe bucăţi, inclusiv coada avionului”, a declarat acesta.LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Boribum[quote][b][size]Avionul chinezesc invizibil. [/quote1321190971] Uite asta nu pricep eu : de ce nu se fac niste portavioane (vreo 300..) si submarine (cam la vreo 500 bucati) invizibile si românesti. Le combinam cu aviatia (invizibila si ea,vreo 700 de escadrile) si tancurile (cel putin 6000,tot invizibile) si-l punem pe unu' sa le coordoneze dintr-o sala mare plina de ecrane. Ecranele vor fi facute,fireste,în China... .Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00alexiusAl treilea Război Mondial se va duce între China şi SUA, susţin analiştiiLINKPuterea militară a Chinei creşte pe zi ce trece. În replică, SUA încheie un acord de staţionare a trupelor americane în Australia. Noul scenariu este luat în calcul după ce Washington-ul, ale cărui baze militare au devenit vulnerabile în Pacificul de Vest, a încheiat, săptămâna trecută, un acord istoric cu Australia: 2.500 de militari ai Marinei americane vor staţiona în partea de nord a ţării.Războiul dintre cele mari puteri s-ar putea duce însă şi într-un alt mod decât cel clasic. Cum chinezii fac deja experimente cyber prin care penetrează corporaţiile americane, dar şi sistemele informatice guvernamentale, este de aşteptat ca în momentul unei confruntări demersul Chinei să fie devastator într-o epocă în care calculatoarele controlează aproape totul.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00alexiusPregătiri de război? Forţele Navale chineze, îndemnate să se pregătească de confruntări armatePreşedintele chinez, Hu Jintao, a îndemnat marţi Forţele Navale să fie pregătite de confruntări armatePreşedintele Hu a îndemnat Forţele Navale să "accelereze modernizarea" şi să "înceapă pregătiri intensive pentru confruntarea militară", pentru a " garanta securitatea naţională şi pacea mondială", raportează agenţia oficială. LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00ALM"... Care vine, vine, vine, calcă totul în picioare ..."Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00Radu PatrascuNu e pentru prima oara cand...China-based Cyber Attack Targets DoD Access CardsJanuary 24, 2012Military.com|by Mike HoffmanCyber security firms have discovered a computer virus that uses servicemembers’ network security cards to hack into government networks.How does it work? servicemembers receive an email with an official-looking PDF file connected to the virus that allows it to record keystrokes, said Jaime Blasco, lab manager for Alien Vault, a California-based cyber security firm. The virus then collects a service member’s personal identification number associated with a Common Access Card when he logs into a government computer.“The hackers can get in pretty easily with this virus and do whatever they want on a government computer while a soldier just works on his computer,” Blasco said in a phone interview from his office in Spain.Blasco said he suspects the cyber attack originates from China because of the Chinese characters found within the virus’ coding.“Since we started tracing it … we found software that’s only really used in China,” Blasco said. “We’re 99 percent sure this attack is coming from China. Not 100 percent sure, but we’re pretty sure.”The Defense Department is aware of the virus strain called “Sykipot,” according to multiple news reports. Pentagon officials didn’t respond to a request for comment.Blasco said he has spoken to cyber-experts working for the U.S. government about the virus strain.“They know about it and are working on it,” Blasco said.Alien Vault has tracked the virus for three months. Blasco said he’s not sure what sort of information the hackers have targeted.The military is not the sole target. The virus could have hit other U.S. government agencies such as the State Department.The only way to protect against Sykipot is to train servicemembers not to open the PDF attachment. Hackers often disguise their poisoned email attachments as government documents, Blasco said.Called “CAC cards” by servicemembers, the CAC doubles as an identification card for servicemembers and most contractors. A computer chip is embedded into the card that also contains the owner’s photo.servicemembers must insert their CAC in order to log onto government computers. servicemembers use their CAC to access the military’s secret and top-secret cyber networks.Cyber officials say the CAC system is more secure than one that uses only passwords. However, a report published last year by the cyber security firm Maniant documented multiple cyber attacks in which hackers targeted identification card systems.Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and other senior DoD officials have called cyber attacks one of the greatest threats to national security, and an arena in which the U.S. military is the farthest behind.Panetta has implored Congress to increase funding to improve research and development for cyber weapons, even as other areas in the defense budget shrink or grow at a reduced rate.sursa: LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmeKam C. Wong - Police Reform in China (2012), poate fi descarcata pana pe 21 februarie. Scuzele de rigoare daca a mai fost postata pe forum LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmeCHINA SE ÎNARMEAZĂ. Cheltuielile militare cresc cu 11% în 2012realitatea.net – 04 mar 2012, 15:18 Cheltuielile militare ale Chinei cresc cu 11,2% anul acesta, potrivit unui anunţ făcut de oficialii de la Beijing, duminică, notează Reuters.Cheltuielile militare oficiale ale Chinei vor ajunge anul acesta la 670 de miliarde de yuani (110 miliarde de dolari), a anunţat purtătorul de cuvânt al parlamentului, Li Zhaoxing.Suma alocată apărării creşte astfel cu 11,2% în 2012, după ce a crescut cu 12,7% în 2011. Mulţi experţi internaţionali cred că sumele anunţate oficial de Beijing sunt mai mici decât cele reale.China a achiziţionat şi a modernizat un portavion, a cumpărat submarine şi nave de război, iar anul trecut a anunţat că a testat un avion de luptă invizibil pentru radar.Avântul cu care China îşi modernizează armata a generat temeri în regiune şi i-a determinat pe americani să ceară Beijingului mai multă transparenţă.Duminică, purtătorul de cuvânt al Parlamentului a subliniat însă că lumea nu are de ce să se teamă şi că sumele cheltuite pentru modernizarea armatei Chinei pălesc în comparaţie cu cele cheltuite de Pentagon.În ultimul an, preşedintele Barak Obama a încercat să îşi asigure aliaţii asiatici îngrijoraţi de ascensiunea Chinei că SUA vor rămâne un jucător important în regiune. Pentagonul a anunţat la rândul său că îşi va concentra strategia asupra regiunii Asia-Pacific.Bugetul pe 2013 propus de Obama pentru Pentagon este de 525,4 miliarde de dolari, în scădere cu 5 miliarde comparativ cu cel aprobat deja pentru 2012. LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmemarți, 6 martie 2012Despre armate si alte nebuniiIeri a surprins anunţul Chinei în legătură cu bugetul record pentru armată. Într-adevăr, în momentul în care realizezi că cele o sută de miliarde pe care China le va cheltui în acest an pentru apărare înseamnă aproape întreg bugetul României, începi să te întrebi dacă nu cumva lucrurile au luat-o razna. Mai mult, la o privire mai atentă observăm că, din punctul de vedere al mărimii, la nivel mondial, avem de-a face cu al doilea buget, situat imediat după SUA. Acestea fiind datele de la care pornim, să vedem despre ce e vorba.Suma este într-adevăr mare, dar dacă trecem de prima percepţie, observăm că lucrurile nu sunt nici pe departe atât de înfricoşătoare. Din punct de vedere al ierarhiei, este cât se poate de normal ca a doua economie a lumii să se situeze cam pe locul doi în ceea ce priveşte majoritatea indicatorilor. Faptul că bugetul pentru apărare este pe locul doi în lume este, din acest punct de vedere, un lucru absolut normal. Dacă analizăm cifrele, observăm însă un lucru surprinzător: la un PIB cu aproximativ 50% mai mare decât al Chinei, SUA are un buget al apărării de aproape opt ori mai mare. Da, aţi citit bine, nu este nicio eroare: SUA aruncă pe geam o căruţă de bani comparativ cu China. Mergând mai departe cu comparaţiile cred că ar trebui remarcat că, în timp ce China are o economie dinamică, într-o creştere susţinută, SUA încă se zbate în mrejele crizei, făcând eforturi disperate să cosmetizeze cât mai mult realitatea.Dacă vom raporta cheltuielile militare ale Chinei la populaţie sau la suprafaţa teritorială vom obţine valori infime în raport cu SUA. În aceste condiţii, oare de ce se miră toate canalele media? Sunt două motive: cifrele în valoare absolută care sunt mari şi dinamica acestora care este, de asemenea, impresionantă. Toată lumea a marşat pe faptul că sumele alocate bugetului apărării au crescut cu o valoare mai mare decât creşterea PIB-ului, însă dacă ne raportăm la PIB trebuie să remarcăm că procentul alocat apărării este unul normal, fără a se depăşi în niciun fel limitele de bun simţ. Ceea ce sperie pe mulţi este ceea ce urmează. În cazul în care China îşi continuă evoluţia fără accidente majore, ameninţă să devină un pol tehnologic militar deosebit, neavând decât un singur concurent: SUA. Vorbim despre tehnologie militară, indicator la care, probabil, armata Chinei nu se mai situează pe un loc atât de important. După ce am discutat toate aceste cifre poate ar fi interesant de înţeles cine are de pierdut în acest joc: SUA sau China? Ei bine, marele perdant al cursei se numeşte Rusia, un jucător care şi-a pierdut din strălucire şi, mai ales, din influenţă. În timp ce Putin pozează în omul de oţel, importanţa militară a ţării sale şi-a continuat neîntrerupt alunecarea pe traiectoria descendentă începută încă de la destrămarea imperiului sovietic. Cei care au interpretat doar în termeni electorali promisiunile lui Putin referitoare la armată se înşeală. Putin este unul dintre cei care a înţeles că Rusia este deja scoasă din cursă şi că nu mai are decât o mică şansă de revenire. De asemenea, ştie că supravieţuirea sa ţine mult mai mult de vizibilitatea armatei decât de nivelul de trai al cetăţeanului. Atunci când spuneam că Putin trebuie să repună Rusia în starea de flux, exact la acest lucru mă refeream. Cu un vecin precum China, ruşii trebuie să acţioneze cumva. Va fi interesant de văzut cum vor face acest lucru deoarece, dincolo de cifrele propriu-zise, mai e un amănunt care contează într-o proporţie covârşitoare: sănătatea economiei. Oricât de comunistă ar fi China, oricât de corupţi ar fi unii oficiali, trebuie să înţelegem că economia acestei ţări este una dinamică. Rusia nu ştie decât să vândă hidrocarburi şi să împartă "avuţia naţională" între grupul de oligarhi oficiali. Pentru a dinamiza o asemenea economie e nevoie de reforme profunde. Le va face Putin? Greu de crezut, mai ales că aceasta ar presupune şi o cedare masivă din puterea personală, lucru de neacceptat deocamdată. Cum va contraataca Rusia e greu de imaginat acum. În timp ce realegerea lui Putin a fost interpretată ca un semn de stabilitate, ceea ce va face noul Putin e un mare mister şi, în acelaşi timp, o sursă de îngrijorări. LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisViata devine interesanta pt. unii.Hai cu razboiul LINK Reuters) - China's military warned the United States on Saturday that U.S.-Philippine military exercises have raised risks of armed confrontation over the disputed South China Sea in the toughest high-level warning yet after weeks of tensions.China's official Liberation Army Daily warned that recent jostling with the Philippines over disputed seas where both countries have sent ships could boil over into outright conflict, and laid much of the blame at Washington's door.This week American and Filipino troops launched a fortnight of annual naval drills amid the stand-off between Beijing and Manila, who have accused each other of encroaching on sovereign seas near the Scarborough Shoal, west of a former U.S. navy base at Subic Bay.The joint exercises are held in different seas around the Philippines; the leg that takes place in the South China Sea area starts on Monday."Anyone with clear eyes saw long ago that behind these drills is reflected a mentality that will lead the South China Sea issue down a fork in the road towards military confrontation and resolution through armed force," said the commentary in the Chinese paper, which is the chief mouthpiece of the People's Liberation Army."Through this kind of meddling and intervention, the United States will only stir up the entire South China Sea situation towards increasing chaos, and this will inevitably have a massive impact on regional peace and stability."Up to now, China has chided the Philippines over the dispute about the uninhabited shoal known in the Philippines as the Panatag Shoal and which China calls Huangyan, about 124 nautical miles off the main Philippine island of Luzon.China has territorial disputes with the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia and Taiwan across the South China Sea, which could be rich in oil and gas and is spanned by busy shipping lanes.Major General Luo Yuan, a retired PLA researcher well-known for his hawkish views, amplified the warnings from Beijing issued through state media."China has already shown enough restraint and patience over this incident," Luo said of the friction with Manila, according to an interview published on Chinese state television's website (news.cntv.cn).If the Philippines "takes irrational actions, then the current confrontation could intensify, and the Chinese navy will certainly not stand idly by," he added.REGIONAL TENSIONSBeijing has sought to resolve the disputes one-on-one with the countries involved but there is worry among its neighbors over what some see as growing Chinese assertiveness in staking claims over the seas and various islands, reefs and shoals.In past patches of tension over disputed seas, hawkish Chinese military voices have also risen, only to be later reined in by the government. The same could be true this time.Since late 2010, China has sought to cool tensions with the United States. Especially with the ruling Chinese Party preoccupied with a leadership succession late in 2012, Beijing has stressed hopes for steady relations throughout this year.Nonetheless, experts have said that China remains wary of U.S. military intentions across the Asia-Pacific, especially in the wake of the Obama administration's vows to "pivot" to the region, reinvigorating diplomatic and security ties with allies.The Liberation Army Daily commentary echoed that wariness."The United States' intention of trying to draw more countries into stirring up the situation in the South China Sea is being brandished to the full," said the newspaper.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmePentru cei interesati... berteau_-_asian_defense_spending.pdfRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisSarmanii oameni.Vai de capul lor.De armata coreeana de nord zic.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisAsta e motivul pt. care aliatii nostri americani nu vor muri pt. Romania,indiferent de ce scrie in Art. 5.Tot asta e motivul pt. care prea multa dragoste pt. noii parteneri chinezi se poate transforma intr-o iubire neimpartasita. Oricum,go USAF LINK WASHINGTON—A pair of American B-52 bombers flew over a disputed island chain in the East China Sea without informing Beijing, U.S. officials said Tuesday, in a direct challenge to China and its establishment of an expanded air-defense zone.The planes flew out of Guam and entered the new Chinese Air Defense Identification Zone at about 7 p.m. Washington time Monday, according to a U.S. official.Over the weekend, Beijing said it was establishing an air-defense zone covering disputed islands that are claimed by both Beijing and Tokyo but administered by Japan. The islands, the source of growing friction in the region, are known as the Diaoyu in China and Senkaku in Japan.More Japan Pushes Airlines to Ignore China Flight-Plan Rule China Air Claims May Cool Seoul TiesU.S. defense officials earlier had promised that the U.S. would challenge the zone and wouldn't comply with Chinese requirements to file a flight plan, radio frequency or transponder information.The flight of the B-52s, based at Anderson Air Force Base in Guam, were part of a long-planned exercise called Coral Lightning. The bombers weren't armed and weren't accompanied by escort planes.But the routine flight took on new significance with China's weekend announcement, and it counters Beijing's attempts to strengthen its influence over the region. China had warned that aircraft that don't comply could be subject to a military response.The establishment of the new zone was certain to have been approved by Xi Jinping, China's new leader, who became military chief at the same time as taking over as head of the Communist Party in November last year, analysts and diplomats said.They see the move as part of a long-term strategy to try to gradually change the status quo in the East China Sea, and make it increasingly costly for Japan to enforce its claims, without ever crossing the red lines that might provoke an actual military conflict.But some analysts now believe that China might have overplayed its hand by angering not just Japan and the U.S., but South Korea and Taiwan—both of which have air-defense zones that overlap China's—and several other countries that have territorial disputes with China in the South China Sea.The U.S. official said that China didn't make contact with the B-52s as they flew over the islands. The planes returned to Guam after the exercise."The planes flew a pattern that included passing through the ADIZ," the official said. "The flight was without incident."Calls to China's foreign and defense ministries went unanswered.U.S. officials said they believe they had to challenge the ADIZ to make clear they don't consider the Chinese move to be appropriate. But they said they don't believe U.S. flights over the island will create a military conflict.The White House said the territorial dispute between China and Japan should be solved diplomatically. "The policy announced by the Chinese over the weekend is unnecessarily inflammatory," White House spokesman Josh Earnest told reporters in California, where President Barack Obama was traveling."These are the kinds of differences that should not be addressed with threats or inflammatory language," he said.China is now requiring aircraft flying in the region to register their flight path with the Foreign Ministry, identify their transponder and their radio frequency. Col. Steve Warren, the Pentagon spokesman, said the U.S. wouldn't comply with those requirements."The United States military will continue conducting flight operations in the region, including with our allies and partners," said Col. Warren on Monday, prior to the B-52 flight. "We will not in any way change how we conduct our operations as a result of the Chinese policy of establishing an ADIZ, an Air Defense Identification Zone."Col. Warren said the U.S. didn't agree with China's decision to establish the zone, and the U.S. wouldn't comply with it while flying over the disputed islands. "We see it as a destabilizing attempt to alter the status quo in the region," Col. Warren said.Qin Gang, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, told a regular news briefing earlier in the day Tuesday that China's new zone wouldn't affect regular international civilian flights, according to a transcript on the Foreign Ministry web site.Asked if China would take military action against aircraft that didn't comply with its demands in the zone, Mr. Qin said: "It was written very clearly in the announcement. With regard to the question you've asked, the Chinese side will make an appropriate response according to the different circumstances and the threat level that it might face."China's Defense Ministry said Saturday that the Chinese military would take "defensive emergency measures" against aircraft that didn't obey the rules in the new zone. It didn't specify what those measures would be.China's official Xinhua news agency announced earlier Tuesday that the country's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was making its maiden voyage to the South China Sea, where China is also embroiled in territorial disputes with its neighbors.The Liaoning left its homeport of Qingdao in eastern China on Tuesday and was being escorted by two destroyers and two frigates to the South China Sea where it would conduct training exercises, Xinhua said.A Chinese Defense Ministry spokesman said Saturday that China was planning to establish more ADIZs, and many analysts expect one of them to be over the South China Sea, where China's claims overlap with those of Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan.China had made some progress in easing tensions over the South China Sea in recent months with a charm offensive in Southeast Asia that was helped by President Obama's failure to attend a regional summit in Brunei in October because of the U.S. government shutdown.That was seen by many Asian governments as a sign of declining U.S. influence, despite its pledge to refocus military and other resources on the region as part of a so-called "pivot" toward Asia.Beijing's progress was undermined in the eyes of many, however, when it initially announced a donation of just $100,000 to help victims of a devastating typhoon in the Philippines, while the U.S. sent an aircraft carrier to spearhead the relief effort.Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmeCe se intampla cand esti de la CNN si vrei sa transmiti de unde nu convine autoritatilor chinezeRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00justmeChina Unicom poate monitoriza orice telefon mobilChina Unicom, una dintre cele mai mari companii de telecomunicaţii conduse de statul chinez, a instalat sisteme pentru a monitoriza apelurile telefonice şi pentru a detecta locaţia utilizatorilor săi. Descoperirile au fost postate în 8 ianuarie de un utilizator de Internet, „Bystander Jia”, pe site-ul WooYun.org – un website unde cercetătorii din domeniul securităţii raportează vulnerabilităţi şi furnizorii oferă feedback-uri.Compania este cel de-al treilea furnizor al lumii de telefonie mobilă. Presupusul sistem de spionaj al China Unicom îi permite acesteia să acceseze lista înregistrărilor cu apelurile telefonice şi mesajele text trimise sau primite de orice utilizator. Compania mai poate să monitorizeze locaţia utilizatorilor şi să identifice conturile înregistrate de aceştia pe website-urile de media socială.Pentru a-şi spiona utilizatorii, China Unicom ar avea nevoie doar de numărul de telefon mobil al utilizatorului, conform unei postări făcute de Bystander Jia. Sistemul poate, de asemenea, să urmărească conturile de email înregistrate cu telefonul mobil, precum şi informaţiile tehnice din telefon, incluzând numărul IMEI şi modelul.Aceste informaţii au ieşit la iveală la doar o lună după ce s-a raportat că Biroul Securităţii Publice din cadrul Zonei de Dezvoltare Economică şi Tehnologică Wenzhou, în provincia sud-estică Zhejiang, a cumpărat malware-ul, cu efect de cal Troian, pentru a monitoriza telefoanele celulare ale cetăţenilor din China.În decembrie 2014, Biroul Securităţii a postat pe website-ul său că a cheltuit 149.000 de yuani (aproximativ 23.976 USD) pe un cal Troian care vizează telefoanele mobile care funcţionează pe platforma Android şi iphone-urile decodate. Biroul a cheltuit o sumă suplimentară de 16.091 USD asupra unui sistem proiectat să infecteze smartphone-urile Android şi iphone cu acel troian.China Unicom intră astfel în clubul companiilor Huawei şi ZTE, ambele fiind companii de telecomunicaţii majore din China, despre care se crede că prezintă un risc major pentru securitatea clienţilor săi. Comitetul Informaţional al Camerei Reprezentanţilor din SUA a publicat un raport în octombrie 2012 în care a listat unele dintre temerile pentru securitate existente în cazul companiilor Huawei şi ZTE.Huawei, fondată de Ren Zengfei, având legături cu armata chineză, a fost etichetată în mai multe ţări ca potenţial primejdioasă din punct de vedere al securităţii.Câteva intrări nepermise (backdoors) au fost descoperite de cercetători în cazul echipamentelor de telecomunicaţii ale Huawei, acestea putând să permită regimului chinez să acceseze orice informaţie care trece prin acele echipamente.Într-un interviu la Radio Free Asia, Ye Du, un scriitor chinez independent, a susţinut că utilizatorii din China sunt conştienţi de faptul că regimul chinez încearcă să monitorizeze website-urile sociale populare, în particular Weibo şi Weixin.Ye a declarat: „Acest act strigător la cer comis de Biroul Securităţii – cumpărarea unui program de tip cal Troian de la o companie tehnologică de stat pentru a monitoriza utilizatorii de telefoane – arată că > [sintagma prin care regimul comunist se referă la activitatea de spionare a propriilor cetăţeni, n.r] a ajuns la un nivel alarmant în China”.LINKRe: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00alexiusClip de promovare a Armatei Republicii Populare Chineze:Versiunea lunga Poate la ei pare periculoasa muzica...Re: China-Asia Centrala-Extremul Orient-Subcontinentul indian
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2024-03-29T14:48:14+02:00MihaisLINK Pt amatorii de povesti horror,cu iz de genocid,sau pt eventualii amatori.Rezumatul,rezumatului studiului respectiv spune ca anual sunt ucisi pt organe cam 100000 de prizonieri politici .Practica ce tine deja de vreo 15 ani in mareata China.